<p>Midtown Corinth Historic District is a historic district in Corinth, Mississippi that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. The district then had 229 contributing buildings and one contributing site, as well as 55 non-contributing buildings. The district "is roughly bounded by Cass, Bunch, Washington, Main, Filmore, Linden, Douglas and Cruise Streets".</p><br>
<p>Four buildings within the district were included within the 1991-designated Siege and Battle of Corinth Sites district, a National Historic Landmark. These are:</p><br>
<p>Duncan House, 810 Polk Street,</p><br>
<p>Oak Home, 808 North Fillmore Street, which served as Leonidas Polk&#39;s headquarters during the Battle of Corinth. It is a one-story, post and timber center hall plan cottage with Greek Revival style, built c. 1857 and expanded c. 1930-35.</p><br>
<p>Fish Pond House, 708 Kilpatrick Street, (#6 in accompanying photos), also a one-story, post and timber center hall plan cottage with Greek Revival style, built c. 1857. It has a bullet-like trim motif added c. 1925-30 to its entablature.</p><br>
<p>and Veranda House (a.k.a. "Curlee House"), 705 Jackson Street (#15 in photos).</p><br>
<p>Other notable buildings in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Zachery House, 404 Douglas Street, c. 1905-10, a one-story cottage with elements of Colonial Revival and Queen Anne styles, built ca.</p><br>
<p>1905-10.</p><br>
<p>Taylor House, 1022 North Fillmore Street, (#26 in photos), built c. 1870-75, a center-gable "T-plan cottage with Gothic Revival influence"</p><br>
<p>Grand Lake is a freshwater lake located in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. The lake is not located in the community of Grand Lake, Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>According to the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Grand Lake is located in the extreme south-central part of the state about 12 miles south of the town of Lake Arthur, Louisiana. It is a large circular lake approximately 42,100 acres in size and is about 8.25 miles by 8.25 miles.</p><br>
<h2>Mermentau River</h2><br>
<p>The Mermentau River flows through its western extremities therefore it is difficult to say whether the lake is an enlargement of the river or not. The lake is isolated from roads and highways and has no direct accesses. It has to be accessed from the Intracoastal Waterway that goes across its northern extremity, from points around the town of Lake Arthur to the north or from the town of Grand Chenier to the south. The Gulf of Mexico is easily accessed from this lake.</p><br>
<p>Fort St. Pierre was a colonial French fortified outpost on the Yazoo River in what is now Warren County, Mississippi. Also known as Fort St. Claude and the Yazoo Post, it was established in 1719 and served as the northernmost outpost of French Louisiana. It was destroyed in 1729 by Native Americans and was not rebuilt. Its location, north of Vicksburg on the east bank of the river, was discovered by archaeologists in the 1970s, and was given the Smithsonian trinomial 23-M-5. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>French Louisiana was established in 1699, with New Orleans founded as a major center in 1718. French explorers of the Yazoo River valley first took place between 1698 and 1706, when French missionaries were active in the area. By then, English traders from the Province of Carolina had already established relations with the Chickasaw people of northern Mississippi, and were making inroads with the Natchez people further south. The missionary activity ceased when one of them was murdered by the Natchez. An expansion of French Louisiana was thwarted by Frances inability to support the colony during the War of the Spanish Succession (aka Queen Annes War in English North America, 1702-1713). The French established Fort St. Pierre in 1719 as a northern outpost between these peoples, as a means to blunt English trading influence and further their own. The fort was a substantial palisaded complex, surrounded by a moat. It was destroyed in a surprise attack on December 11, 1729, by a band of Natchez, whose leadership had become hostile to French incursions on their territory upon the death of a French-friendly chief.</p><br>
<p>The Yazoo Bluffs area, where the fort was located, did not come to significant archaeological attention until the 1970s. James Ford believed that its site would yield useful information for dating other historical Native sites in the region, but did not find the fort. In 1974 a formal survey of the lower Mississippi identified the site, which underwent a major excavation between 1975 and 1977. These excavations exposed portions of the palisade, one of the fort&#39;s bastions, and other features. Unique among known colonial sites, archaeologists also uncovered evidence that the occupants used a wooden shot tower to manufacture lead shot. The comparatively short occupation period of Fort St. Pierre has also allowed more sophisticated distinction among finds at sites such as that of Fort Toulouse, which had a much longer occupation period.</p><br>
<p>Mount Le Conte  is a mountain located in the Sierra Nevada of California. The boundary between Inyo and Tulare counties runs along the crest of the Sierra, across Mount Le Conte. The mountain was named in 1895 for Joseph Le Conte , the first professor of geology and natural history at the University of California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Le Conte is about 3.5 mi southeast of Mount Whitney, and is flanked to the northwest by Mount Mallory, and to the southeast by Mount Corcoran.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side of Mount Le Conte drains into Rock Creek, thence into the Kern River, which ends in the Central Valley of California. The north side of Mount Le Conte drains into Meysan Creek, thence into Lone Pine Creek, which ends in the Owens Valley. The east side of Le Conte drains into Tuttle Creek, and thence into Diaz Lake in the Owens Valley.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side is in Sequoia National Park while the north and east is in the John Muir Wilderness of the Inyo National Forest. The Pacific Crest Trail enters the park from the south at Siberian Pass about 5 mi south of Mount Le Conte, and runs through the park a few miles west of the Sierra Crest.</p><br>
<p>The Port Gibson Battlefield is the site near Port Gibson, Mississippi where the 1863 Battle of Fort Gibson was fought during the American Civil War. The battlefield covers about 3,400 acre of land west of the city, astride Rodney Road, where Union Army forces were establishing a beachhead after crossing the Mississippi River in a bid to take the Confederate fortress of Vicksburg. The Union victory secured that beachhead and paved the way for the eventual fall of Vicksburg. A 2,080 acre area surrounding part of the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and a larger area was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005. In 2009, the battlefield was designated by the Civil War Preservation Trust as one of its Top 10 most endangered Civil War battlefields.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The battlefield area is about 4 mi west of Port Gibson. The terrain is a tangle of ravines and terraces, caused by the soil type (sedimentary loess) and a history of intensive agricultural use up to the 20th century. The area is now largely wooded, with a scattering of non-historic houses and other buildings, mainly along Rodney Road which roughly bisects the battlefield. The only surviving historic structure is the Shaifer plantation house, which is where the battle began. At the time of the battle in 1863, the terraces of the area would have been in agriculture, with the ravines filled with dense jungle-like growth.</p><br>
<p>After a number of failed attempts to reach Vicksburg from the north and northeast, Union General Ulysses S. Grant decided to march his army down the west side of the Mississippi River, past Vicksburg, and locate a crossing area from which he could reach the city from the south. A crossing point at Bruinsburg, just south of the mouth of Bayou Pierre, was described as suitable for the armys use, and on April 30, 1863 Grant began what was then one of the largest amphibious military operations in United States history. The initial landing was unopposed, and Grant moved quickly to secure the beachhead, moving troops up the road toward Port Gibson. These met with Confederate defenders under the command of General John S. Bowen at the Shaifer plantation on May 1, with the Union forces victorious in a daylong bloody battle. The victory was key in setting the foundation for Grants successful conclusion to the Vicksburg Campaign.</p><br>
<p>The surviving Shaifer plantation house is now owned by the state.</p><br>
<p>The Crosby Soo Line Depot is a historic former train station in Crosby, Minnesota, United States. It was established in 1910. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for having local significance in the themes of commerce, industry, and transportation. The depot was nominated for being an essential conduit for the arrival of goods and people and the export of iron ore during central Crow Wing County&#39;s economic boom years.</p><br>
<p>The building now serves as the Soo Line Depot Museum, operated by the Cuyuna Iron Range Heritage Network.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Crosby Soo Line Depot initially served as a train station for the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway (later the Soo Line Railroad starting in 1961). The station was part of a project conducted from 1908 to 1910 to build a rail line from Superior, Wisconsin, to Thief River Falls, Minnesota, along with a branch through Crosby to access the Cuyuna Range iron mines.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Soo Line Depot Museum interprets historical events and daily life on the Cuyuna Range through displays of artifacts, documents, and photos. Holdings include a display on the Milford Mine disaster, vintage wedding dresses, logging and mining tools, and a replica of the Project Manhigh capsule launched nearby in 1957.</p><br>
<p>Camp Disappointment is the northernmost campsite of the Lewis and Clark expedition, on its return trip from the Pacific Northwest.</p><br>
<p>The campsite was used by a detachment of the expedition from July 22–26, 1806. Captain Meriwether Lewis, George Drouillard, the two Fields brothers&mdash;Joseph and Reubin&mdash, possibly five more men, along with six horses, were exploring the Marias River in an attempt to show that the Missouri River watershed extended to the 50th parallel north in order to claim more land for the United States under the Louisiana Purchase. However, they discovered that the watershed does not extend to the 50th parallel and consequently named their campsite Camp Disappointment. Lewis called the site which is shaded by cottonwood trees a "beautiful and extensive bottom". Since it was overcast and damp throughout their stay the expedition could not make any astronomical observations. This part of the expedition split off from William Clark&#39;s group at the Great Falls of the Missouri on July 16.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of July 26, 1806 they left the camp to head back and later that day met a party of eight Blackfeet Indians, the first members of that tribe that the expedition had encountered. The Blackfeet seemed friendly towards them, and the two parties agreed to set up and share a camp for the night. Over the course of the evening, the Blackfeet became aware that the expedition party had been trading with as well as brokering peace with any and all tribes that theyd encountered, including many of the Blackfeets enemies and rivals. Among those goods traded were firearms, which especially aggravated the Blackfeet, as guns were then considered a relatively scarce and extremely valuable military commodity for the tribes of the area, and one which the Blackfeet had been trying to monopolize for themselves up until that point.</p><br>
<p>As a result, after both parties had apparently retired for the night, the Blackfeet men attempted to steal the expedition members&#39; various guns while they slept. One of the party members awoke during the attempted burglary, thereby alerting the others, and the situation rapidly escalated into a violent conflict between the two groups. During the fight, two of the Blackfeet were shot and killed by two of the Lewis party members, in what the latter considered acts of deeply regrettable, yet necessary self-defense. Because the conflict occurred near the Two Medicine River, it subsequently became known as the Two Medicine Fight, and would be the only time throughout the entire Lewis and Clark expedition that an encounter with Native Americans resulted in violence on either side.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 the Great Northern Railway erected a monument similar to the Washington Monument and a sign 4 mi south of the campsite reached on July 23, 1806. This is near mile marker 233 and several hundred yards north of USA Route 2. Access to the campsite is only via a primitive road just west of this marker. It was declared both a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The site is relatively unchanged since the expedition camped here. Though on private property, one can visit with an admission fee and a 4-wheel drive vehicle. The site includes an ancient Indian buffalo jump. From the National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form:</p><br>
<p>"At the campsite today wide lowland meadows are watered by the Cut Bank Creek and cottonwood trees line its banks. From the high wind-swept plains that rise above the site on the north and south you can trace the route of the creek into the foot of the mountains in the distance by the dark green foliage of the trees which mark its course.</p><br>
<p>"Immediately east of the meadow delineated as the probable campsite, and protecting the area from the strong winds, is a large stone cliff -- approximately 300 feet high and 600 feet wide -- of craggy grey stone. This very sheer precipice was an Indian buffalo jump, or pishkin, one of many in Montana, but one in particularly good condition, probably because of its isolated location. The creek which washes directly by the foot of the cliff has exposed many bones of the animals killed during the Indian-instigated buffalo stampedes over the cliff, which provided the people with large supplies of food and hides in the era before the Indians had horses for hunting."</p><br>
<p>Amsler Island is located off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is named after American marine biologists Charles  and Margaret  Amsler of the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The island is a triangular rocky plot of granite land approximately 1.3 mi long and 0.6 mi wide at its widest point. It was once thought to be part of a larger island known as Anvers Island because the gap between the islands was covered by the Marr Ice Piedmont. Rapid recession of the ice due to global warming revealed this as a separate island in 2004. The United States Board on Geographic Names chose this name in 2007 in recognition of the Amslers&#39; three decades of research in the Anvers Island area. Amsler Island was the original site of the United States Antarctic Program research base Palmer Station from 1965 until the current station approximately 0.8 km away was constructed in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Waimate Creek is a natural watercourse in the southern Canterbury region of New Zealand&#39;s South Island. Its original Māori name was Te Waimatemate, which means "slowly moving waters".</p><br>
<h2>Catchment</h2><br>
<p>Waimate Creek runs roughly eastwards, rising in the Hunter Hills before reaching the narrow coastal plain of the Pacific Ocean, skirting the west and southern side of Waimate township and then discharging metres from the sea into the Wainono Dead Arm, which links the Waihao River and Wainono Lagoon. Its catchment area is approximately 78 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Waimate Creek is considered by Environment Canterbury to be in good ecological condition. This is due to intact native forest at its headwaters and a riparian zone that has remained relatively intact. This zone contains vegetation such as willows and broom. Fish species found within the stream include the Canterbury galaxias, New Zealand longfin eel, and upland bully.</p><br>
<h2>Crossings</h2><br>
<p>State Highway 82 crosses Waimate Creek on the southwestern side of Waimate. In Studholme, near its discharge into the Wainono Dead Arm, it is crossed by State Highway 1 and the Main South Line railway. It was formerly crossed by the Waimate Gorge Branch railway on the southwestern side of Waimate but this branch line closed in 1953 and the bridge has been removed.</p><br>
<p>Rotomairewhenua / Blue Lake is a small lake in Nelson Lakes National Park, in the northern reaches of New Zealand&#39;s Southern Alps. Sacred to local Māori, it has the clearest natural fresh water in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Blue Lake is drained by the west branch of the Sabine River, which is part of the Buller River system. It is fed by a short upper segment of the Sabine, which in turn is fed by underground seepage through the landslide debris impounding the much larger Lake Constance. Blue Lake is roughly boomerang shaped, running north then northwest, with each arm of the lake stretching some 200 m. Its waters are cold, ranging from 5 to 8 C.</p><br>
<h3>Clarity</h3><br>
<p>The lake has extremely clear water, and is the clearest natural body of fresh water yet reported.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities and access</h2><br>
<p>Blue Lake is most often reached as a side trip from the Travers-Sabine Circuit, although a marked route to the south, over the Waiau Pass and another to the West, via Moss Pass continues beyond the lake. The nearby Blue Lake Hut, with 16 bunks, provides accommodation for more than 700 trampers each year.</p><br>
<h2>Māori history</h2><br>
<p>Blue Lake lies within the rohe (tribal area) of Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō. As part of the iwi&#39;s 2010 treaty settlement, the lake passed into tribal ownership and was then given back to the Crown. The lake was traditionally used in ceremonies to cleanse the bones and release the spirits of the dead, so they could begin their journey to Hawaiki, and the iwi regard its waters as tapu (sacred). (Blue Lake was used only for males; Lake Constance was used for females.) Its Māori name, Rotomairewhenua, means "the lake of peaceful lands".</p><br>
<p>In August 2014, the official name for Blue Lake was altered to Rotomairewhenua / Blue Lake, following the Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō treaty settlement with the Crown.</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls Portage is the route taken by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 to portage around the Great Falls of the Missouri River during the outbound portion of the expedition. The 18 mi portage took 31 days. Two portions of the route, which have largely escaped development, are part of a National Historic Landmark District, designated in 1966 to commemorate this achievement. In May 2008 the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the site on their list of America&#39;s Most Endangered Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1804-06 Lewis and Clark Expedition was the first major incursion of white men into the northwestern American plains. Ascending the Missouri River, the party reached the Great Falls area on July 13, 1805. Having been forewarned of the falls&#39; existence by the Hidatsa with whom they had overwintered, an advance team led by Meriwether Lewis scouted the extent of the falls, which then consisted of a series of cascades extending beyond what is now the city of Great Falls. Many of these have since been dammed to produce hydroelectric power, and some are hemmed in by the city.</p><br>
<p>The route selected by Clark began with an ascent of over 1 mi up what is now called Belt Creek, about 1 mile below Morony Dam. From there, the expedition boats were carried overland on crude wagons constructed by the team overland to a site near the White Bear Islands, south of the modern city. The expedition&#39;s largest boat, a pirogue, was left at Belt Creek. The team celebrated Independence Day at the upper camp, and departed upstream on July 15, having constructed two additional canoes to compensate for the loss of the boat.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarked areas</h2><br>
<p>Two separate portions of the expedition portage route form part of the National Historic Landmark District designated in 1966. At the lower end of the portage, the area on the east bank of the river where the party made camp (approximately 47&deg;36&prime;15.3&Prime;N latitude, 111&deg;02&prime;43.7&Prime;W longitude) is included, as is the portage route up Belt Creek, continuing for about 8 mi across what are now mainly agricultural fields. Also included in this section is Sulphur Spring, located above the west bank of the river opposite the mouth of Belt Creek. Water from this source, reputed to have curative powers, was used to treat Sacagawea, who had fallen seriously ill at the camp. This entire area is privately owned, and is difficult to access by land.</p><br>
<p>The other element of the portage that is landmarked is the last 2.5 mi of the route, extending from Mount Olivet Cemetery to the White Bear Islands area (approximately 47&deg;27&prime;34.7&Prime;N latitude, 111&deg;17&prime;57.4&Prime;W longitude). At the time of the expedition there were three White Bear Islands; one has since become attached to the western shore by silting action, and the actual camp site was probably some way east of the current eastern bank. The land in this area is also privately owned but is crossed by public roads.</p><br>
<p>The Northeast Entrance Station to Yellowstone National Park, in Park County, Montana, is a rustic log building designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Design under the direction of Thomas Chalmers Vint and built in 1935. The entrance station straddles USA Route 212  west of Cooke City-Silver Gate. A combined ranger station and residence is located nearby. All buildings were constructed by George Larkin of Gardiner, Montana.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Northeast Entrance Station spans the center of the road into the park from Cooke City. A central block housing the office and two checking windows is flanked by smaller blocks, each housing a checking window and joined to the main block by a long gabled roof that spans the ensemble. Each block is marked by a cross gable proportional to the block&#39;s size. The walls are lodgepole pine logs cut within the park with saddle-jointed corner, randomly beveled. Log poles support the shingled roof. The entrance station rests on a local stone foundation. A stone chimney for the heating stove projects above the central block. Earth floors have been replaced with concrete slabs.</p><br>
<p>The ranger residence is a matching log building, rectangular in plan with a small extension housing an office. The residence is one story with seven rooms. Unusually for its time it was insulated during construction to try to prevent ice from building up on the roof.</p><br>
<h2>Influence</h2><br>
<p>The Northeast Entrance Station was featured in a planbook published by the National Park Service as an example of appropriate design for national and state park structures. Park and Recreational Structures was greatly influential in the design of park facilities in North America in the late 1930s, when many parks were being developed as job-creation projects. The design of the entrance station may itself have been influenced by the 1932 decision of the small community of Silver Gate, just beyond the entrance station, to build entirely in log construction.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>As a pristine example of its type, and being an ambitious one for its time, it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places at the same time.</p><br>
<p>The Burton K. Wheeler House is a historic house at 1232 East 2nd Street in Butte, Montana, United States. Built about 1923, this modest working-class house was for many years the home of politician Burton K. Wheeler , a radical Democrat who in 1924 ran for United States Vice President on the Progressive Party ticket with Robert La Follette Sr. In the 1930s he opposed the New Deal and what he viewed as efforts to bring the United States into World War II. His house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Burton K. Wheeler House stands in a densely built residential area east of downtown Butte that was traditionally a working class neighborhood populated by mine workers. The house is separated from its neighbors by concrete paths, and is set back a short way from the sidewalk on the street. The house is 1-1/2 stories in height, with the first story built out of brick, and the upper half-story elements framed in wood and covered in wooden shingles. The front has a three-part window, with a larger central sash flanked by smaller sashes. To its left a recessed porch, its corner supported by a sloping square post with shingled exterior. The gable above the main window group has a deep eave supported by Craftsman brackets, and shows a band of three equal-sized sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The house was apparently built not long before its purchase in 1908 by Burton K. Wheeler. Wheeler lived here until 1923, when his rise in national politics brought him to Washington, DC as a United States Senator. Although Wheeler&#39;s law practice had quickly made it possible for him to move to a more affluent area, he categorically refused, claiming that he enjoyed living among the working classes in the neighborhood, and that it was "worth extra votes every time I ran for office".</p><br>
<p>Wheeler became nationally prominent by investigating prosecutors who refused to go after individuals implicated in the Teapot Dome scandal. He bolted the Democratic Party to run with La Follette on the Progressive Partys presidential ticket; this ticket gained more votes than any other third-party campaign until 1968. In the 1930s he opposed Franklin Delano Roosevelts New Deal domestic policies, and what he viewed were Roosevelt&#39;s foreign policies that would draw the country into what became World War II. His opposition to entry into the war cost him reelection in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Fresno Municipal Sanitary Landfill, opened in 1935 in Fresno, California, was the first modern landfill in the USA, pioneering the use of trenching, compacting, and daily burial to combat rodent and debris problems.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Superfund site</h2><br>
<p>In 1983, the California Department of Health Services conducted tests which found that the site contained methane and vinyl chloride gases that were penetrating into the areas around the landfill. These tests also concluded that contaminants were being found in private ground-water wells around the landfill. On June 24, 1988, the site was proposed as a superfund site and was finalized on the NPL list on October 10, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Nicopolis  was a Roman colony in Lesser Armenia founded by Pompey in 63 BC after conquering the Kingdom of Pontus in the third Mithridatic War. It became part of the Roman province of Armenia Prima. Today, the city of Koyulhisar in northeastern Turkey occupies the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city was founded by Pompey after his decisive victory over Mithridates VI of Pontus. It was situated in a well-watered plain lying at the base of a thickly-wooded mountain and settled by veterans of his army, as well as by the local peasantry. All the Roman highways intersecting that portion of the country and leading to Comana, Polemonium, Neocæsarea, Sebasteia, etc., radiated from Nicopolis which, even in the time of Strabo, boasted quite a large population.</p><br>
<p>Given to Polemon by Mark Antony in 36 BC, Nicopolis was governed from 54 AD by Aristobulus of Chalcis and definitively annexed to the Roman Empire by Nero, in the year 64 AD. It then became the metropolis of Lesser Armenia and the seat of the provincial diet which elected the Armeniarch. Besides the altar of the Augusti, it raised temples to Zeus Nicephorus and to Victory.</p><br>
<p>Christianity reached Nicopolis at an early date and, under Licinius, about 319, forty-five of the city&#39;s inhabitants were martyred; the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church venerate them on 10 July, St. Basil calls the priests of Nicopolis the sons of confessors and martyrs, and their church the mother of that of Koloneia. In ca. 472, St. John the Silent, who had sold his worldly goods, erected a church there to the Blessed Virgin. SS Januarius and Pelagia were said to have been martyred in the town.</p><br>
<p>In 499 Nicopolis was destroyed by an earthquake, with none save the bishop and his two secretaries escaping death. This disaster was irreparable, and although Justinian I rebuilt the walls and erected a monastery in memory of the Forty-Five Martyrs, Nicopolis never regained its former splendour and was superseded by Koloneia.</p><br>
<p>Under Heraclius it was captured by the forces of Chosroes II and thenceforth was only a mediocre city, a simple see and a suffragan of Sebasteia in Lesser Armenia, remaining such at least until the 11th century, as may be seen from the various Notitiae episcopatuum. In the 9th–11th centuries, it belonged to the theme of Koloneia.</p><br>
<p>Under the Ottomans, the site of ancient Nicopolis was occupied by the Armenian village of Purkh, near the city of Enderes, in the sanjak of Kara-Hissar and the vilayet of Sivas.</p><br>
<h2>Bishops</h2><br>
<p>Notable among the eight bishops mentioned by Le Quien is St. Gregory who, in the 11th century, resigned his bishopric and retired to Pithiviers in France. The Catholic Church venerates him on 14 March.</p><br>
<p>The Catholic Church lists the bishopric as the titular see of Nicopolis in Armenia.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Opera House, also known as The Grand or Masonic Hall and Grand Theater, is a 1,208-seat theater for the performing arts in Wilmington, Delaware, United States. The four-story building was built in 1871 by the Delaware Grand Lodge of Masons to serve as a Masonic Temple and auditorium. The construction cost was $100,000. It was designed in Second Empire style by Baltimore architect Thomas Dixon and incorporates symbolism from Freemasonry into the cast-iron facade. Its central pediment contains an Eye of Providence.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the Grand hosted a variety of operas, symphonies, Victorian melodramas, minstrel shows, burlesque, vaudeville, and other exhibitions, including performers such as Ethel Barrymore, "Buffalo Bill" Cody and John Philip Sousa. For most of the twentieth century the Grand was operated exclusively as a movie theater, run by Warner Brothers from 1930 and eventually closing in 1967. It was reopened four years later and returned to programming emphasizing classical music, partnering with the Delaware Symphony Orchestra, OperaDelaware, and the First State Ballet Theatre.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 with assertions of both architectural and historical significance. It was argued it is "one of the finest remaining examples of 19th century cast iron architecture in America" and that it has important association with events and persons in Delaware&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, management was turned over to a non-profit organization and the building underwent extensive restoration, which was completed in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Hamhaugh Island is an island, historically known simply as Stadbury in the River Thames in England south of Shepperton Lock, in Shepperton, Surrey.</p><br>
<h2>Position</h2><br>
<p>The island is at the southernmost point of the River Thames. The garden-lined southern horseshoe curve of the island is mapped as Hamhaugh Point, and being its only tapered side becomes the narrowest width. Otherwise Hamhaugh is almost rectangular: 690 metres long and 100 - wide. It is 800 m from the parish churches of Shepperton and Weybridge respectively, however Shepperton High Street is a further 400 m north of this whereas Weybridge High Street runs next to its parish church, which means the whole area is closer to Weybridge&#39;s urban resources.</p><br>
<p>The town is accessible by boat or a journey using Walton Bridge of more than 3 mi. The Shepperton Lock area of Old Shepperton has a family gastropub, two marine shops/chandlers shops and the locks indoor and outdoor tea room.</p><br>
<h3>Crossing the river</h3><br>
<p>A ferry operates from Shepperton Lock&#39;s downstream side to the northern point of Weybridge and links the Thames Path National Trail. A fee of below £1 is payable.</p><br>
<h2>Land use</h2><br>
<p>The island, apart from landings (boats&#39; hardstanding) and a patch of woodland with a path running through it along the north side, is residential, consisting of 46 houses and a communal green. Access is on foot or carried bicycle from Shepperton lock, across Lock Island and then across a weir. A second weir, without foot access, connects the island to the right bank: Hamm Point of the Hamm Court residential estate, Addlestone.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was created and soon thereafter slightly reduced to create a smaller island, Lock Island, to the north, which was also part of the mainland &mdash; this creation occurred after the fixing of most non-urban parish boundaries, pre-1700, and explains why given the wide channel dug to its north (almost equal width of the widest river course to all other sides), it stayed part of the parish of Shepperton.</p><br>
<p>Before the later Thames locks including all those of the mid- to lower Thames (such as from Windsor down to Teddington) were built from 1805 onward, the river here saw flooding across what was a combined island, at various points such as the far north in times of very high tide, when combined with post-rainfall water volumes, this being similar to Penton Hook Island and Desborough Island which were also originally peninsulas. With the additional capacity and cuts along this stretch this acts to bypass the old river when necessary and makes navigation much shorter for river journeys.</p><br>
<p>Lake Michie is a reservoir in central North Carolina, within the Neuse River watershed. The lake is located in northern Durham County near the town of Bahama. Fed principally by the Flat River, Lake Michie is the primary reservoir for the city of Durham. The reservoir dam was completed in 1926.</p><br>
<p>In addition to retaining drinking water for the city, the concrete and earthwork dam, built between 1924 and 1926, supplied hydroelectric power to Durham until 1960, when the generators were removed.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational area</h2><br>
<p>Lake Michie offers some of the finest Largemouth Bass fishing in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Rent a boat and motor or launch your own boat for a relaxing day of fishing without the hassles found at larger lakes.</p><br>
<p>Other fish found in the lake include Bull Catfish, Mud Catfish, Channel Catfish, Flathead Catfish, Blue Catfish, Chain Pikerel, Longnose Gar, and various others.</p><br>
<h2>Expansion</h2><br>
<p>In 2004 city officials were considering expanding the lake, which normally supplies Durham with 30 - of drinking water per day to address future water needs and reverse the ongoing reduction in lake volume by sedimentary deposits.</p><br>
<h2>2007 drought</h2><br>
<p>During the drought of 2007, both Lake Michie and the Little River Reservoir, Durham&#39;s primary sources of drinking water, were severely affected, despite a reduction in daily water use from 37 e6USgal per day to 22.16 e6USgal per day. As of 2 December, the lake level had fallen to 15 ft below full. By March 2008 Lake Michie was once again filled to overflowing, thanks to above average rainfall.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Hole is a fresh water pond located in Castalia, Erie County, Ohio, in the United States. From the 1920s to 1990 the Blue Hole was a tourist site, attracting 165,000 visitors annually at the height of its popularity, partly because of its location on State Route 269, about 7 mi southwest of the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Hole captured the public’s interest because of its size, about 75 ft in diameter, clarity, vibrant blue hue, and enigmatic "bottomless" appearance. Contrary to prevalent belief, the depth of the Blue Hole is not unknown, but has been sounded and found to be about 43 to 45 ft deep. Water temperature is about 48 &deg;F throughout the year. Floods and droughts have no effect on temperature or water level. The Blue Hole is fed by a passing underground stream which discharges 7 e6USgal of water daily into Sandusky Bay to the north, feeding into Lake Erie. The water contains lime, soda, magnesia and iron, and because the Blue Hole is anoxic, it cannot naturally sustain fish. The surrounding terrain is developed on limestone bedrock and exhibits karst topography due to dissolution of the limestone by ground water, creating water-filled sinkholes. The Blue Hole was known to American Indians and was first recorded in history in 1761. Several similar blue holes are known to local residents. The Blue Hole that once was a tourist attraction is now off limits to the public. It is located on the grounds of Castalia Trout Club. It is to be distinguished from another hole similar in size and eerie bluish-green color. This latter hole is owned by the Castalia State Fish Hatchery operated by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife and is open for public viewing.</p><br>
<p>Boat Harbour is a small beach located on the north-eastern side of the Kurnell Peninsula in Sydney, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original inhabitants of the land were the Gweagal Aborigines who were a clan of the Tharawal (or Dharawal) tribe of Indigenous Australians. They are the traditional custodians of the southern geographic areas of Sydney.</p><br>
<p>The first land grant was issued in 1815. 700 acre of land on the Kurnell Peninsula which also included Boat Harbour was issued to James Birnie, a whaler and merchant. He named his land ‘Alpha Farm’ and built himself a cottage. When James Birnie was declared insane in 1828, John Connell gained possession of his property. John Connell passes away in 1848 leaving his estate to his grandsons.</p><br>
<p>In 1861 the property was sold to Thomas Holt who purchased the land for £3275. Holt, originally from Yorkshire, sailed into Sydney sometime in 1842. He made his fortune during the gold rushes of the early 1850s. Holt moved to Sutherland, and further increased the size of his property holdings to approximately 13,000 acre. He erected several mansions and ran his ‘Sutherland Estate’ in the English manner.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>In late 2001 Boat Harbour became an aquatic reserve. The new reserve will place restrictions on fishing and bait collection.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The area contains several habitats which include platforms, crevices, rock-pools, boulders and cobbles. Some of the wildlife includes a variety of birds, such as plovers, ruddy turnstone and red-necked stint. From January to late March 2009, an American golden plover was present with a flock of Pacific golden plovers. This species is very rarely recorded in Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Housing</h2><br>
<p>There is no permanent housing located on or near the beach, though the site houses many temporary shacks made from corrugated iron or shipping containers.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Boat harbour used to be the location of a 4WD park where driving on beach and sand dunes was permitted. From May 2010 access to the dunes was closed, but beach access remains.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational Activities</h2><br>
<p>Boat harbour is home of one of the best kitesurfing and windsurfing spot in Sydney Region. It works well in South Easterly or Southerly winds.</p><br>
<h2>Entry Fee</h2><br>
<p>Since it is a private property, there is an entry fee of $30 per vehicle.</p><br>
<p>Buckeye Lake is a reservoir in Fairfield, Licking, and Perry Counties in the USA state of Ohio. The lake was created in the 19th century as the "Licking Summit Reservoir", an important part of the Ohio and Erie Canal project. With the demise of the canal system in the early 20th century, usage of the lake shifted to recreation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As early as the 1750s, the area that would become Buckeye Lake was described as a great swamp known as "Buffalo Lick". The main Indian Trails between the Ohio River and the Miami towns passed by this swamp. Construction of a dike to block the South Fork of the Licking River occurred between 1826 and 1830, to provide a source of water for the Ohio and Erie Canal.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, the Ohio State Legislature changed the reservoir&#39;s name to "Buckeye Lake". An amusement park and other recreation-oriented business developed, thrived and eventually declined as the 20th century proceeded. In 1949 Buckeye Lake was named a state park. Much of the area around the lake came to be used for vacation or permanent residences.</p><br>
<p>In March 2015, the Huntington District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers were paid $140,000 to release a structural inspection review which identified numerous weaknesses in the lake&#39;s dam and warned that the lake was in imminent danger of a dam failure. Corps officials proposed a range of possible solutions, including doing nothing, completely replacing the dam or entirely draining the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Lord & Burnham Building, located at the corner of Main and Astor Streets in Irvington, New York, United States, is a brick building in the Queen Anne architectural style built in the 1880s. In 1999 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and was added as a contributing property to the Irvington Historic District since 2014.</p><br>
<p>From 1870 on it had been home to Lords Horticultural Works, a builder of boilers and conservatories that had relocated to Irvington to better serve the owners of the many Hudson Valley estates who were its main clients. A fire destroyed the original building; it was replaced by the current structure. As Lord & Burnham, it continued its business until 1988. The building currently houses condominium apartments and the villages public library.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The former factory occupies an 0.8 acre lot at the southeast corner of the intersection, across Astor Street from the villages train station. At the west end of Irvingtons downtown, the surrounding buildings on Main and Astor are primarily two-story commercial structures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To its south is a parking lot; additional spaces are also located along both sides of Astor to serve commuters. Across the railroad tracks are some other large industrial structures once used by Lord & Burnham, now known as the Bridge Street Properties which have also been redeveloped. The terrain is level towards the Hudson River to the west, and rises sharply to the east, reflecting the bluffs of the river.</p><br>
<h3>Main block and factory wing</h3><br>
<p>Three sections, all of brick laid in common bond, make up the building itself. The main block, originally the company&#39;s offices, is the six-by-six-bay four-story portion at the corner, topped by a mansard roof covered in tin shingles. At the very corner is a tower with pyramidal roof similarly clad. It is complemented by a two-bay gabled pavilion on the north facade and a similar-sized stepped-gabled pavilion on the south at the opposite ends of their respective facades.</p><br>
<p>All fenestration has splayed-brick segmental-arched openings. They are mostly set with 16-over-4 double-hung sash windows; on the southernmost bay of the ground floor there is a double window. Patterned brick beltcourses delineate all three stories. Between the pavilion and tower the roof is pierced by two hipped-roofed dormer windows on either facade. The south and east elevations, away from the street, are randomly set with six-over-six double-hung sash.</p><br>
<p>A sympathetic brick set of steps to what is now the library&#39;s main entrance, with a wheelchair ramp, is at the juncture between the main block and the former factory wing. It extends to the south, thirteen bays long by five wide and three stories high with a gently pitched gabled roof. Its decorative treatment is a corbelled cornice at the roofline. The modern entrance doors are located in a double-width opening repeated above it and in the third and ninth bays to its south. All windows are six-over-six double-hung sash, with some in the randomly filled bays on the south facade overlooking the parking lot. In the center of its east facade, otherwise similarly treated as the west one, is a modern three-by-three-bay full height projecting pavilion with glass facing on the north and south.</p><br>
<h3>Carriage house</h3><br>
<p>From the east facade of the main block a modern hyphen, not considered to be contributing to the building&#39;s historic character, connects it to the former stable/carriage house. It is a three-story brick Queen Anne structure with a gabled metal roof, stepped on the south (rear) elevation. In the gable field it is faced with scalloped wooden shingle and false half-timbering.</p><br>
<p>The original vehicular entrance, on the east side of the stable&#39;s north (front) facade, has been bricked in. A round-arched pedestrian entrance and rectangular window are to the west. In the center of the second story is a projecting oriel window; each of its facets has four-over-four double-hung sash. On the third story is a group of three nine-over-six double-hung sash. The other three elevations have randomly placed windows in their brick. An exposed portion of the basement on the south elevation is concealed by a modern shed.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Inside, the building has been extensively modified from its original plan both during its days as a factory and afterwards for conversion into apartments and a library. Some original features remain in the main block. Most significant among them is the stairway at the main entrance. It has pine beadboard walls, chamfered newel posts topped by balls and molded railings. The third-floor door has its original window with 27 small glass panes and three large ones amid three wooden panels, topped by a three-light transom.</p><br>
<p>Original beadboard paneling remains on the second story, along with the original window surrounds and their rosette corners. The original wooden trusses are still visible in the factory wing, making it possible to see that its third floor is carries by suspension rods from the roof trusses. The stable has been extensively modified after its original use was discontinued, but it retains its original stair as well and some of its woodwork.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1849 Frederick Lord, a carpenter in the upstate city of Buffalo, began building greenhouses for his customers. It became his full-time business, Lord&#39;s Horticultural Works, by 1856. He moved to Syracuse. In 1869 he took in his son-in-law, William Burnham, as a partner. He had also developed new methods of ventilating his buildings, and this led the company to enter the residential boiler market in 1873. It perfected its original cast iron sectional boiler design five years later and it became one of the top-selling models.</p><br>
<p>Seven years later, in 1876, the firm moved to Irvington, close to its largest group of customers, the wealthy owners of large estates along the Hudson River north of New York City. The company worked from an existing building on the current site until it was destroyed in an 1881 fire. The current complex was built very quickly to replace it; it is not known who the architect is but it is likely that it was Frederick Lord himself. A map of the village from that year suggests that the factory wing may incorporate part of the original building.</p><br>
<p>That year, the firm was also working on an important commission from railroad magnate Jay Gould. He, too, was replacing a burnt building, in his case the conservatories at Lyndhurst, his estate in nearby Tarrytown, today a National Historic Landmark (NHL). Lord built the first iron frame greenhouse in the country, revolutionizing the industry.</p><br>
<p>Records from 1890 show that the company complex included a boiler shop, ironworks, carpentry shop and two lumber sheds. An insurance map says it employed 30 people. Shortly before Lord&#39;s death that year, the company name was changed to Lord & Burnham. In the years afterward it began filling in the Hudson across the tracks and building on it, expanding its facilities by about four acres (4 acre) by 1895.</p><br>
<p>This was the period when Lord & Burnham was the market leader in building greenhouses. In addition to Lyndhurst, the company built the Enid Haupt Conservatory at what is now the New York Botanical Garden, another NHL, and the conservatory at the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens, listed on the Register today as a contributing property to the Cazenovia Park-South Park System. By 1903 the companys catalog boasted that the Irvington plant was the countrys largest greenhouse production facility. Nine years later it claimed to employ 250 there, including a design staff with 18 engineers. Burnham served as an elected village official for short periods, as did Lord&#39;s son.</p><br>
<p>Greenhouses were always erected at the factory before being disassembled and shipped for quality assurance purposes. The company claimed several other innovations in addition to the iron framing it had developed for Lyndhurst. It opened factories elsewhere in the country by the 1920s, and by 1930 it held nine patents related to greenhouse manufacture.</p><br>
<p>During this period, greenhouse sales began to decline as only the truly wealthy could afford them. Boiler sales displaced greenhouses as the largest source of the company&#39;s profits. By the late 1940s Burnham Boilers had become a separate division headquartered in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, with its casting plant in Zanesville, Ohio. The company itself moved there in 1987; by then just 12 people worked in Irvington. All greenhouse production ended the next year and the factory was closed.</p><br>
<p>The village did not want the building to stay empty for long. Its public library needed more space, and plans were soon finalized to convert 10,000 ft&sup2; of the factory wing into the new library, with 22 residential units upstairs. Architect Stephen Tilly of nearby Dobbs Ferry oversaw the $2.4 million project, which was completed in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Redstone Test Stand or Interim Test Stand was used to develop and test fire the</p><br>
<p>Redstone missile, Jupiter-C sounding rocket, Juno I launch vehicle and Mercury-Redstone launch vehicle. It was declared an Alabama Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1979 and a National Historic Landmark in 1985. It is located at NASA&#39;s George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama on the Redstone Arsenal, designated Building 4665. The Redstone missile was the first missile to detonate a nuclear weapon. Jupiter-C launched to test components for the Jupiter missile. Juno I put the first American satellite Explorer 1 into orbit. Mercury Redstone carried the first American astronaut Alan Shepard into space. The Redstone earned the name "Old Reliable" because of this facility and the improvements it made possible.</p><br>
<p>The Interim Test Stand was built in 1953 by Dr. Wernher von Braun’s team for a mere $25,000 out of materials salvaged from the Redstone Arsenal. In 1957 the permanent test facility called the Static Test Tower was finally finished, but the Army decided to continue operations at the Interim Test Stand rather than move. From 1953 to 1961, 362 static rocket tests were conducted there, including 200 that led directly to improvements in the Redstone rocket for the Mercury manned flight program. Adapted over the years, it never experienced the growth in size and cost that typified test stands in general, remaining a testament to the engineering ingenuity of the rocket pioneers.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Liquid-propellant rocket development has always proceeded in three steps:</p><br>
<p>Engine testing</p><br>
<p>Static rocket testing</p><br>
<p>Test launches.</p><br>
<p>First, prototype engines are tested in a Rocket engine test facility, where the most promising designs are refined during a period of extensive testing. After an engine has been proven, the complete rocket is assembled. In this second step, the rocket is anchored to a static test stand. With the rocket held down, engineers run the engine at full power and refine the system. The test launch is third, when the missile is fired into the sky. Wernher von Braun and his team used this process to develop the V-2 or A4 missile in Germany during WWII.</p><br>
<p>Von Braun and members of his team decided to surrender to the United States military to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot by the Nazis to prevent their capture. They came to the United States via Operation Paperclip. The Army first assigned the Germans to teach German missile technology, assist with the launching of captured V-2&#39;s, and continue rocket research as part of the Hermes project at Fort Bliss, Texas and White Sands Proving Grounds</p><br>
<p>On April 15, 1950, the Army consolidated their far-flung guided missile and rocket research and development efforts into the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC) at Redstone Arsenal. The Army bought the former WWII munitions facility from the Army Chemical Corps. That summer and fall, members of the German rocket team moved from Fort Bliss to Huntsville. They conducted a preliminary study for proposed 500 mi range missiles and began developing one, called Hermes C-1. The study envisioned warhead payloads of 1,500 and, with the first test launch in 20 months. Cold War tensions escalated by the Korean War drove the payload up to a 6,900 lb atomic bomb with a reduced range. The system with its new specifications took the name Redstone, and had to be highly reliable, accurate, and quickly produced, priority 1A. The development program for the Redstone began in earnest on May 1, 1951. Separate from the missile development program, another budget line item was to bear the cost of constructing facilities for research and development at Redstone Arsenal because those facilities could also be used for other projects. However, the construction of facilities was not funded.</p><br>
<h2>Early development, 1952–1955</h2><br>
<p>The first twelve missiles were built at Redstone Arsenal. Assembly of the first Redstone began in the fall of 1952. Engineers needed a propulsion test stand to improve the missile, but they were not allowed to spend research and development funds on constructing facilities even for a cause vital to national security. Rather than wait for funding to go through the two-year Congressional appropriation process, then wait further for construction, Fritz A. Vandersee designed an interim test stand for $25,000, the maximum amount allowed. The large concrete foundation cost nearly all of the money. On this base, welders built a small stand with metal salvaged from around the arsenal. Three railroad tank cars that had been used to transport chemicals at the arsenal during the war were cleaned, modified, and buried 300 ft away to serve as control and observation bunkers. To view the firings, the tanks also contain two periscopes believed to have been from two surplus Army tanks.</p><br>
<p>When workers assembled the first Redstone missile at Redstone Arsenal in spring of 1953, the Redstone Interim Test Stand stood ready. A crane hoisted the missile (without the warhead) onto the stand and placed a frame atop the missile. Cables were attached to the frame to steady the missile. After extensive tests, workers fueled the missile and fired the engine for tests lasting no more than 15 seconds. After several successful test runs, the missile went to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station for the test flight. Launches provided valuable information on the guidance system, but most improvements on the propulsion system came from lessons learned at the Interim Test Stand, where engineers could evaluate the internal workings of the propulsion system while it was firmly anchored to the ground. A total of fourteen tests were performed with the first four missiles.</p><br>
<p>Before congressional appropriation and construction of permanent facilities was completed, the engineers used the information gained during static testing at the Interim Stand to steadily improve the Redstone system. The next eight missiles stood for twenty-two tests. The tower to the left of the missile (shown above right) is the Cold Calibration Unit, built in 1954. It held only the Redstone&#39;s alcohol and liquid oxygen tanks, pumps, valves and flow meters in various configurations. The liquids flowed into another set of tanks and were used to test and calibrate the valves and flow meters to assure that accurate measurements were made during the static fire testing and to assure a proper alcohol to oxygen mixture ratio. Oxygen-rich propellant mixtures had caused most engine explosions in the early years of liquid rocket development.</p><br>
<p>In the original version of the facility, flames were directed in a trench beneath the rocket in two opposite directions. In December 1955, workers installed a new more durable elbow-shaped flame deflector designed by Rocketdyne engineer Carl Kassner. Water injected through small holes in the elbow quickly turned to steam, keeping the flame away from the metal elbow.</p><br>
<h2>Army Ballistic Missile Agency, 1956–1958</h2><br>
<p>The Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) was established on February 1, 1956 to turn the experimental Redstone rocket into an operational weapon and to develop a new Jupiter Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM).</p><br>
<p>The Redstone missile development continued with routine missile qualification tests and several improvements were made to the Interim Test Stand. A load cell was added to directly measure the thrust of the missile. A cutoff system was added to detect rough combustion in the engine and automatically stop tests. This system prevented engine damage while engineers solved the problem. The first Redstone built by Chrysler was tested at the Interim Stand. Chrysler built thirty-eight developmental Redstone missiles and all sixty-three tactical Redstones in Detroit. In addition, several of the Redstone missiles were modified to aid the Jupiter missile development program. These longer missiles were called Jupiter-C and test fired on the Interim Stand after it was enlarged and strengthened. A series of tests using propellants chilled to −25 &deg;F established that the Redstone could be deployed in the Arctic.</p><br>
<p>In 1957 the permanent Propulsion and Structural Test Facility was finally completed using the funds appropriated by Congress for the Redstone, but the ABMA decided to continue using the Interim Test Stand for the Redstone. After four years of development, the interim facilities had proven adequate for testing the Redstone and Jupiter-C, and the Army felt that a move to the new facilities would be disruptive to its busy schedule.</p><br>
<p>Dr. von Braun had proposed to Project Orbiter using a Redstone as the main booster for launching artificial satellites on June 25, 1954. The day Sputnik 1 launched, October 4, 1957, von Braun had been showing incoming Defense Secretary Neil McElroy around the Redstone Arsenal. They received the news about Sputnik as they relaxed that afternoon. Von Braun turned to McElroy. "We could have been in orbit a year ago," he said. "We knew they &#91;the Soviets&#93; were going to do it! Vanguard will never make it. We have the hardware on the shelf… We can put up a satellite in 60 days." McElroy was not confirmed until the next week and did not have the power to back their proposal. On November 8, McElroy directed the Army to modify two Jupiter-C missiles and to place a satellite in orbit by March 1958.</p><br>
<p>The first stage was soon test fired.</p><br>
<p>Eighty-four days later, on January 31, 1958, the ABMA launched the first US satellite, Explorer I, into orbit. Following this successful launch, five more of these modified Jupiter-C missiles (subsequently re-designated Juno I) were launched in attempts to place additional Explorer satellites in orbit. During this satellite program, the Department of the Army gathered a great deal of knowledge about space. Explorer I gathered and transmitted data on atmospheric densities and the earth&#39;s oblateness. It is primarily remembered, though, as the discoverer of the Van Allen cosmic radiation belt.</p><br>
<p>Because of its proven reliability and accuracy, the Department of Defense decided to use the Redstone missile in tests to study the effects of nuclear detonations in the upper atmosphere, Operation Hardtack I. After being static-fired at the Interim Stand in January 1958, two missiles were shipped to the Pacific Test Range. In July and August, the missiles became the first missiles ever to detonate atomic warheads.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, Redstone development ended and Chrysler began mass production for deployment. Only a few of these missiles were tested at the Interim Test Stand because the propulsion system had become so reliable.</p><br>
<h2>Mercury-Redstone, 1959–1960</h2><br>
<p>As the space race continued, the civilian space agency, NASA started on October 1, 1958 but the Army kept von Braun and the ABMA for another year and a half. NASAs Project Mercury chose the "Old Reliable" Redstone, with its unmatched launch record, as Americas first manned launch vehicle. Nevertheless, the Army had to make improvements for manned missions. The crew at the Interim Test Stand ran over 200 static firings to improve the Redstone propulsion system. In addition, all eight Mercury-Redstone launch vehicles endured a full duration acceptance test at the interim stand. On July 1, 1960, 4,670 people transferred from the ABMA to NASA forming the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC).</p><br>
<p>The first test flight, Mercury-Redstone 1, occurred on November 21, 1960. After rising a few inches off the launch pad, electrical cables disconnecting in the wrong order caused the engine to shut down. The launch vehicle sustained minor damage and was returned to MSFC. Static fire testing on the Redstone Test Stand in February 1961 verified that repairs were successful. The second test launch, Mercury-Redstone 1A, was successful on December 19, 1960. On January 31, 1961, a chimpanzee named Ham flew into space on Mercury-Redstone 2. Another test flight, Mercury-Redstone BD, added to evaluate changes, confirmed the system was ready.</p><br>
<p>Alan B. Shepard, Jr. became the first American in space on May 5, 1961. Mercury-Redstone 3 was a suborbital flight to an altitude of 115 miles and a range of 302 miles. This flight demonstrated that man was capable of controlling a space vehicle during periods of weightlessness and high accelerations. The last Mercury-Redstone flight, Mercury-Redstone 4,</p><br>
<p>also a manned suborbital flight, carried Virgil I. Grissom to a peak altitude of 118 miles and safely landed him 303 miles downrange. The Redstone Test Stand contributed to the success of the first two Americans to fly in space.</p><br>
<h2>Epilogue</h2><br>
<p>The Redstone Test Stand phased out of use in October, 1961.</p><br>
<p>After becoming rundown and littered, the site was restored for the US Bicentennial. A Redstone missile, which US Army Missile Command (MICOM) loaned to NASA, was installed on February 27, 1976.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as being nationally significant on May 13, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Alabama Section, American Society of Civil Engineers declared it an Alabama Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark on October 3, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Interim Test Stand is in good condition.</p><br>
<p>Dowdeswell Reservoir and former water treatment works lie below the parish of Dowdeswell in Gloucestershire. They were originally built by Cheltenham Corporation to supply the town of Cheltenham with drinking water  and subsequently became part of the Severn Trent network.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is currently owned and managed by the Environment Agency and is managed as a balancing pond for the water catchment from the east end of the valley.</p><br>
<p>Severn Trent closed the water treatment works with the commissioning of the Mythe Treatment Works on the river Severn, and the reservoir itself became a flood storage reservoir for the River Chelt in an attempt to protect the town of Cheltenham from flooding from the east. The town nonetheless suffered flooding in the July 2007 floods though this was not only from the river Chelt at Dowdeswell, but from all the streams which join the Chelt within the town and its outskirts. The Dowdeswell balancing pond only deals with the Chelt (really a stream at this point in its life), Dowdeswell stream and runoff from the limestone scarp.</p><br>
<p>The Cotswold Way National Trail runs alongside the dam end of the reservoir (below the dam embankment) and alongside the western edge of Dowdeswell Woods.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir and wood are listed in the ‘Cotswold District’ Local Plan 2001-2011 (on line) as Key Wildlife Sites.</p><br>
<p>They are near Arle Grove nature reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Dowdeswell Reservoir and Wood nature reserves</h2><br>
<p>There is a site management plan from 1975 for the Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve. There are site management plans for the Dowdeswell Wood Nature Reserve for 1993 to 2002 and 2002 to 2011 along with various annual reports.</p><br>
<h3>The Reservoir, Residuum and Scobb’s Grove</h3><br>
<p>These areas (Reservoir, Residuum, Scobb&#39;s Grove) were established as a 9.3 hectare nature reserve with the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation (now the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust) in 1973 under agreement with the North-West Gloucestershire Water Board originally.</p><br>
<p>The main body of water supports many resident and wintering wildfowl: Moorhen, Coot, Mallard and Little Grebe and Great Crested Grebes regularly breed. The surrounding habits provide nesting sites. There is a significant aquatic and grassland flora including grassland supporting Common Spotted Orchid, Pyramidal Orchid and Cowslip. The reservoir is a major spawning ground for the Common Toad and there are signs which are opened each year at migration time on the A40 which runs alongside the reservoir. There are two toads tunnels from the south side of the A40 into the reservoir grassland.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir supports the native crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) which is protected on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981. During the engineering works undertaken in 1998 Severn Trent put in place a management programme for the protection of this white-clawed crayfish.</p><br>
<p>The associated water treatment yards historically have supported a significant flowering area of Autumn Lady&#39;s Tresses.</p><br>
<p>Scobb’s Grove is a separate copse of damp Ash, Alder, Hazel and Willow woodland containing ferns, Small Teasel and Alternate-leaved Golden-saxifrage. It has an interesting bird life including Owls.</p><br>
<p>There is currently no lease agreement for these areas with the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust.</p><br>
<h3>Dowdeswell Wood</h3><br>
<p>Dowdeswell wood is a 82 hectare site and lies on the northern slopes of the Chelt valley and one mile east of Charlton Kings. The wood forms part of the gathering grounds for Dowdeswell Reservoir and became an extension to this reserve in 1992 under agreement with Severn Trent.</p><br>
<p>Extensive management work was carried out and a way-marked series of paths were created accessible from the Cotswold Way national trail.</p><br>
<p>The character of this wood was changed dramatically in the 1950s and subsequently by replacing with conifers following felling of mature Oak, Ash, Beech and many diseased Elms. Replanting work has replaced conifers for broad-leaf.</p><br>
<p>A good ground flora is present mostly in the broad-leaved areas. Bluebell, Yellow Archangel, Wood Anemone, Moschatel, Early-purple Orchid and Ramsons (wood garlic). There are Roman Snails in a site of a Roman Settlement in the north of the wood. The Common Dormouse is present as are Roe and Muntjac deer.</p><br>
<p>There is currently no lease agreement for these areas with the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust.</p><br>
<h3>Publications</h3><br>
<p>Atty, D, Haigh, D J R, Holland, Sonia, Long, D C, Porter, Steve (edited Miller, John, illustrated Ball, Arthur), October 1987, Plants and Animals of the Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve, Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation</p><br>
<p>Ball, Arthur, Barber, Bruce, undated, The Birds of Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve, The Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation</p><br>
<p>Ball, Arthur, 1987 to 2016, Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve Annual Bird Reports</p><br>
<p>Crayfish Consultants International Ltd, Conservation of the native crayfish population at Dowdeswell Reservoir during engineering works, March 1998, prepared for Severn Trent Water (Conservation Officer: Jan Phillips)</p><br>
<p>Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation, Management Plan for Dowdeswell Reservoir Nature Reserve, 1975, commissioned by The North West Gloucestershire Water Board.</p><br>
<p>Gloucestershire Wildlife Management, Dowdeswell Wood Nature Reserve - Site Management Plan, 1993-2002 & 2002-2011, commissioned by Severn Trent Water Limited</p><br>
<p>Kelham, A, Sanderson, J, Doe, J, Edgeley-Smith, M, et al., 1979, 1990, 2002 editions, Nature Reserves of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation/Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust (includes Dowdeswell Reservoir and Dowdeswell Wood entries)</p><br>
<h2>Reference List</h2><br>
<p>Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand, also known as Dynamic Structural Test Facility, at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama is the test stand used for testing of the Saturn V rocket and the Space Shuttle prior to the vehicles&#39; first flights. Designated building 4550, NASA built the test stand in 1964 to conduct mechanical and vibrational tests on the fully assembled Saturn V rocket. Major problems capable of causing failure of the vehicle were discovered and corrected here.</p><br>
<p>The new building was so tall that in 1966 when the Saturn V first stage was entering, an observer noted, "Fog and clouds hovered around the top of the 360 foot tall test stand most of the day while the 300,000 lb stage was being lifted from its transporter into place inside the stand, said to be the tallest building in Alabama."</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle, designated SA-500D, two Space Shuttle test vehicles, Pathfinder and Enterprise, were also tested in this facility.</p><br>
<p>Space Shuttle Pathfinder OV-098 original configuration.jpgThe Space Shuttle Orbiter simulator is hoisted into the Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand in 1977</p><br>
<p>Dynamic Structural Test Facility.jpgThe Shuttle Enterprise is loaded into the Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand for a shake test, c. 1978</p><br>
<p>Strait Island is an island of the Andaman Islands. It belongs to the North and Middle Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</p><br>
<p>the island is lying 63 km north from Port Blair.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Strait Island is a tribal reservation.</p><br>
<p>The reservation for the Great Andamanese, one of the indigenous people of the Andaman Islands, was built and is managed by the Andaman administration.</p><br>
<p>Manoharan, S. 1989. A Descriptive and Comparative Study of the Andamanese Language. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India</p><br>
<p>The Andamanese settlement was constructed like a model village in India. The Great Andamanese settlement was constructed with concrete houses in rows. The other half is occupied by welfare personnel and police quarters. There is a school for children and a small dispensary for primary health care.</p><br>
<p>There is a lighthouse at the top of the tallest hill on the island, established 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Strait Island is a small island located 6 km east of Baratang Island, Great Andaman, in the Diligent Strait that separates Great Andaman from Ritchie&#39;s Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>The island belongs to the East Baratang Group and lies east of Colebrooke Island.</p><br>
<p>The island is comma-shaped, and very mush forested.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Strait Island is known for its caves of birds&#39; nests and plentiful deer (though they are now rare).</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>the villagers occupation are growing coconut palms, tamarind, and mango trees.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Politically, Strait Island, along neighboring East Baratang Group, is part of Rangat Taluk.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>There is only 1 village, located at the island.</p><br>
<p>The population at the 2011 census was 39 (of which 26 were male), living in 15 households.</p><br>
<h3>Transportation</h3><br>
<p>From the Port Blair harbour, there is a bi-weekly ferry service which is the only mode of conveyance available.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The C.W. Bill Young Regional Reservoir is a 15.5 e9USgal reservoir which collects water from the Alafia and Hillsborough Rivers in central Florida. It is named for C.W. Bill Young, the USA Congressman from Florida&#39;s 10th congressional district. Tampa Bay Water, the regional water authority for Hillsborough, Pinellas and Pasco counties, worked for nearly a decade in constructing the reservoir, which was completed in June 2005, and officially opened on 15 October 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The 1,100 acre reservoir is impounded by an earthen embankment that cost $146 million to build, of which $57 million came from Federal funds. It can store 15.5 e9USgal of water, enough to provide about one quarter of its service area&#39;s drinking water for six months. This eases demand on well water from the Floridan Aquifer. The surrounding 5,200 acre tract of land in Hillsborough County is designated as a wildlife preserve to maintain habitat. In 2007, drought had reduced the amount of water stored in the reservoir to less than half its capacity. This necessitated considering pumping water from the Alafia into the reservoir during the rainy season for use during the dry season.</p><br>
<h2>2006 Lawsuit</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, Tampa Bay Water discovered cracking along nearly 40% of the reservoirs interior lining. A third-party engineering firm was hired to investigate the cause and reported that the cracking was the result of water being trapped in the earthen embankment. The resulting repairs were estimated at $121 million. Tampa Bay Water sought damages from the embankments construction and engineering companies. A $30 million settlement offer from the embankments engineer-of-record, HDR, Inc., was rejected by Tampa Bay Water and the case proceeded to court. In April 2012, a federal jury ruled that the design firm was not liable for the damages. In a November 2012 ruling in which he called the legal battle "no ordinary engineering malpractice case," USA Judge James D. Whittemore determined the utility owed HDR more than $20 million in legal fees as a result of April 2012s jury verdict. The court document cited TBWs own legal expenses at more than $11.6 million. A federal appeals court in Atlanta issued a 33-page ruling on September 23, 2013 rejecting the utilitys arguments that the trial judge had committed a series of errors that should be overturned. As a result, the cost of the multi-million-dollar repair work will likely fall on the shoulders of the 2 million ratepayers in Pinellas, Pasco and Hillsborough counties.</p><br>
<p>The William Lowndes Yancey Law Office is located at the corner of Washington and Perry Streets in Montgomery, Alabama. It served as the law offices for one of the Souths leading advocates of secession from the United States, William Lowndes Yancey, from 1846 until his death in 1863. He joined with John A. Elmore to form a legal firm after his resignation from Congress on 1 September 1846. Yancey wrote Alabamas Ordinance of Secession after the election of Abraham Lincoln and subsequently served as the Confederacy&#39;s Commissioner to England and France.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It was also declared a National Historic Landmark on 7 November 1973. The building&#39;s interior included the historic floor plan and other decorative details when it was declared a landmark. The late 1970s brought redevelopment of the site and the building was altered, this caused substantial losses to enough of the historic elements that the landmark designation was withdrawn on 5 March 1986. The building remains on the National Register of Historic Places, however.</p><br>
<p>As a lawyer, populist legislator, firebrand orator, and party leader, William Lowndes Yancey was an important figure in sectional politics in the leadup to the Civil War. As one of the leading Southern Fire-Eaters, he gained national influence as an aggressive advocate of Slavery and States&#39; Rights and exacerbated sectional differences that led to the secession of the Southern states from the Union. He had his law office in this building from 1846 until his death in 1863. Through successive modernizations and restorations in the 1970s and 1980s, the building lost much of the historic integrity for which it was originally designated a landmark, leading to the withdrawal of its designation. It was, however, retained on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Penton Hook Island is a mainly wooded former peninsular created into a series of three weir-divided islands in the River Thames in England in river modifications since 1815. It has the lock and weirs that are the divide between the Laleham Reach, above Chertsey Lock and Staines Reach, above Penton Hook Lock.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical features</h2><br>
<p>At this point the natural course of the river forms naturally almost a complete loop, a hook shape of a peninsula which is attached to the towpath (here, northerly) bank in the form of walk-over, relatively wide, lock gates. The long hook or spit of land forms today a series of three weir-divided islands in the River Thames in England, adjacent to Penton Hook Lock. It has been since at least the medieval period the southern extremity of Staines upon Thames. Across the river is neighbours Penton Hook Marina, Penton Hook Yacht Club and riverside homes of Thorpe, Surrey, to the west and riverside homes of Laleham Reach, Chertsey to the south and east, the latter being the most distant part of Chertsey from the town itself.</p><br>
<p>In administrative geography the area forms the southern extremity of the ancient (and current as of 2015) ecclesiastical parish of Staines. Its low-lying periodic winter flood meadow has deterred habitation. It is more robustly protected from initiatives to construct on green field sites by being part of the Metropolitan Green Belt settled national planning policy.</p><br>
<p>The three sluice-controlled barrages allow control of the river at its highest by the construction of the large weir at the apex of the long loop and further weirs along the narrow north section.</p><br>
<p>The uninhabited island in public ownership is fairly wooded and is used for nature conservation and appreciation. The west has a backwater dug out to provide a fish refuge when the stream is strong and a fish spawning stream constructed in 1999. The island has many paths laid out for viewing its trees, squirrels, nesting birds, fish and waterfowl. These particularly cater for angling; for the Thames two permits are issued by the Environment Agency that can be bought online or in post offices.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was created when Penton Hook Lock was built, although before the lock was built in 1815, Thames waters would often flood across the neck of the "hook". The section of river has long been the subject of weirs for fishing and to improve boating for fishing and trade.</p><br>
<p>The monks of Chertsey Abbey understood they could use the re-doubling of the river on itself here to construct todays Abbey River, their leat (mill stream) from the Thames south of the Island past their Abbey in Chertsey before the Thames. This benefited 300 let farrens (parts) for horse and cow grazing on their bypassed flood meadow to the south, each at more than £1 per year, Laleham Burway, which revenue contributed to and ownership dispute between Chertsey and Westminster Abbeys in 1278. Westminsters almost adjacent built-up settlement (manor) of Laleham was enlarged by four acres in return for repudiating all claims to this very large well-drained meadow to Chertsey.</p><br>
<p>Church Island or Church Eyot is an inhabited island in the River Thames in England on the reach above Penton Hook Lock in Staines-upon-Thames, Spelthorne, Surrey. It is in the upper part of the reach. It is approximately 200 m above Staines Bridge, but is thought by some historians to have been the site of the Roman bridges  across the Thames recorded as a waypoint on the Devil&#39;s Highway between Londinium  and Calleva .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This inhabited islet connects by a footbridge to Church Street, Staines, adjoining The Lammas recreation ground and mini-golf course and 100m below the oldest of the towns three Anglican churches, a Grade II* medieval structure. St. Marys Church is on a small rise, elevated 5 metres above river level, and 21 metres above sea level, as such, from its steeple the island is visible. The island is 100m long and almost triangular, and rises no more than 1 metre above river level. The narrow channel between the island and north bank (backwater) forms a small oxbow away from the course of the river.</p><br>
<p>The island is in the upper part of the reach which has a WNW/ESE axis above Staines Railway Bridge and different, north/south axis below that bridge. Staines Bridge is 200m downstream.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Roman</h3><br>
<p>Roman itineraries note that a point around Staines was the location of Ad Pontes (Latin for "Bridgeside" or " by the Bridges"), a waypoint on the Devils Highway between Londinium (London) and Calleva (Silchester). With evidence of architectural discoveries in the 19th century leading towards the island from the present town centre, a local historian of the Victorian period surmised that two Roman bridges crossed each of the towns rivers: the Colne and then the Thames at Church Island. Alternatively, the bridge may have been across another island. A county history of Susan Reynolds (1962) says Egham Hythe had a larger island than Church Eyot directly across Staines Bridge in 1754, which remained until the early 20th century. Its backwater must have been removed and little or no trace of that island remains in terms of land elevation.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent</h3><br>
<p>The island has not always been the largest in Staines and Egham. A larger island was by Staines Bridge on the Egham side until 1754. Washed away islands or islands made part of the agricultural banks adjoining existed in the Colne and streams in Staines in the medieval period.</p><br>
<p>The South Main Arts District in Memphis, Tennessee makes up the southern portion of Downtown Memphis. It is located along South Main Street.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<h3>Points of historical interest</h3><br>
<p>Two great points of historical interest in Memphis reside in this area. One is the National Civil Rights Museum. The other is the historic restaurant the Arcade, located on the south corner of South Main and G.E. Patterson. It is the oldest coffee shop and one of the oldest family owned restaurants in Memphis. Elvis used to hang out at the Arcade and it has become a favorite among filmmakers; several movies have had scenes filmed at the diner-styled restaurant.</p><br>
<h3>Art Trolley Tour</h3><br>
<p>On the last Friday of each month, an event called "Trolley Night" is put on by the South Main Association, as well as owners of the South Main businesses and art galleries. From 6-9pm, this includes free MATA trolley service up and down Main Street, open art galleries, and longer hours for most area shops and restaurants.</p><br>
<h3>Locations and Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Several notable locations and buildings are located in the South Main district.</p><br>
<p>National Civil Rights Museum</p><br>
<p>Central Station</p><br>
<h2>Films</h2><br>
<p>The South Main district has been featured in many films, sometimes as just background scenery in Memphis, sometimes masquerading as an older version of Beale Street.</p><br>
<p>Some of the films featuring scenes from the South Main district are:</p><br>
<p>The Firm — Tom Cruise and the FBI meet at The Arcade Restaurant.</p><br>
<p>21 Grams</p><br>
<p>Hustle & Flow</p><br>
<p>Walk the Line — The scenes shown on "Beale Street" are actually South Main, somewhat dressed up and slightly CGI enhanced.</p><br>
<p>Black Snake Moan — While most of the movie was shot in the Pyramid, several scenes were shot on South Main as well.</p><br>
<p>My Blueberry Nights — Filmed inside Ernestine and Hazel&#39;s and the Arcade Restaurant, as well as several exterior shots along South Main and G.E. Patterson.</p><br>
<p>Nothing But the Truth — Scenes were shot at the Arcade Restaurant (which is transformed via green screen special effects into a Washington eatery).</p><br>
<p>Mystery Train — Not only shot in Memphis, but the front entrance of the Arcade Restaurant is depicted on the movie poster.</p><br>
<p>Great Balls of Fire</p><br>
<p>Elizabethtown — Scenes shown in the National Civil Rights Museum, Ernestine and Hazel&#39;s, and the Arcade Restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Lovely By Surprise — Scene filmed in the Arcade Restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Client</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Redeemer is a historic Episcopal church located at 123 Third Street North in Cannon Falls in the USA state of Minnesota. The building was built with limestone and wood in 1867.</p><br>
<p>Episcopal families started meeting in private homes for about eight years before they decided to build a church. The minister traveled from Hastings, by foot or by horseback, for about 18 mi. In 1866, the congregation decided to build a church. Christopher Doner drew up the plans, while Lester Bancroft did the masonry. The stone was Platteville Limestone quarried from a farm north of Cannon Falls. Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple laid the cornerstone on June 28, 1866. When the church was complete, at a cost of about $3500, Bishop Whipple returned on May 1, 1867 to consecrate the church.</p><br>
<p>On February 12, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>EpiscopalChurchRedeemer2006CannonFallsMN.JPGExterior in 2006, covered in ivy</p><br>
<p>RedeemerEpiscopalCannonFallsMN.JPGExterior in 2008, after restoration work</p><br>
<p>RedeemerWindowAltar.jpgThe altar and central stained glass window</p><br>
<p>Hollyhock Island is a long, narrow, inhabited island in the River Thames in England on the reach above Penton Hook Lock, administratively in the extreme eastern end of Wraysbury, Berkshire in the middle of a small backwater, close to the northern bank. The centre of the town of Staines-upon-Thames is approximately five times nearer than the centre of Wraysbury village, of which the island is part.</p><br>
<p>The island is on what was the traditional Buckinghamshire bank (used upstream as far as Henley in the sport of rowing) upstream of Staines Bridge and 400 m downstream of the M25 Runnymede Bridge and is neighboured by the small Holm Island in the middle of part of its northern backwater.</p><br>
<p>The island is noted for its largest house of the two main plots, "The Nest", which was used as a hideaway by the future Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson during the 1930s.Paul Goldsack for English Heritage River Thames: In the footsteps of the Famous, Bradt, 2003.</p><br>
<p>The International Christian Embassy Jerusalem  is a Christian Zionist organisation based in Jerusalem, Israel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The International Christian Embassy was founded in 1980 by evangelical Christians to express their support for the State of Israel and the Jewish people, specifically the Israeli government&#39;s enactment of the Jerusalem Law and in protest of the closure of foreign embassies in Jerusalem. The ICEJ is best known for hosting an annual Christian celebration of the Feast of Tabernacles, which attracts several thousand participants from almost 100 countries. The location and name were chosen deliberately to show that unlike other international groups, its members regard Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Israel.</p><br>
<p>The Israel and German branches of the International Christian Embassy are headed by Jürgen Bühler, son of Albert Bühler, a Wehrmacht soldier who spent years in a Russian prison camp after World War II. Bühler&#39;s father was aided by two Jewish families, who provided him with medical care and food. Sixty years later, Bühler spearheaded a campaign to raise funds for an assisted living facility for Holocaust survivors in Haifa.</p><br>
<p>The International Christian Embassy is one of the creators of the Miss Holocaust Survivor beauty pageant, held annually in Haifa, Israel.</p><br>
<p>The Koli Point action, during 3–12 November 1942, was an engagement between USA Marine Corps and USA Army forces and Imperial Japanese Army forces around Koli Point on Guadalcanal during the Guadalcanal Campaign. The USA forces were under the overall command of Major General Alexander Vandegrift, while the Japanese forces were under the overall command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake.</p><br>
<p>In the engagement, USA Marines from the 7th Marine Regiment and USA Army soldiers from the 164th Infantry Regiment under the tactical command of William H. Rupertus and Edmund B. Sebree, attacked a concentration of Japanese Army troops, most of whom belonged to the 230th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Toshinari Shōji. Shōji&#39;s troops had marched to the Koli Point area after the failed Japanese assaults on USA defenses during the Battle for Henderson Field in late October 1942.</p><br>
<p>In the engagement, the USA forces attempted to encircle and destroy Shōjis forces. Although Shōjis unit took heavy casualties, he and most of his men were able to evade the encirclement attempt and escape into the interior of Guadalcanal. As Shōji&#39;s troops endeavored to reach Japanese positions in another part of the island, they were pursued and attacked by a battalion-sized patrol of USA Marine Raiders.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<h3>Guadalcanal campaign</h3><br>
<p>On 7 August 1942, Allied forces (primarily USA) landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands. The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the USA and Australia, and to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign with the eventual goal of isolating the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign. The landings initiated the six-month-long Guadalcanal campaign.</p><br>
<p>Taking the Japanese by surprise, by nightfall on 8 August the 11,000 Allied troops—under the command of Major General Alexander Vandegrift and mainly consisting of USA Marines—had secured Tulagi and nearby small islands as well as an airfield under construction at Lunga Point on Guadalcanal. The airfield was later named Henderson Field by Allied forces. The Allied aircraft that subsequently operated out of the airfield became known as the "Cactus Air Force" (CAF) after the Allied codename for Guadalcanal. To protect the airfield, the USA Marines established a perimeter defense around Lunga Point.</p><br>
<p>In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army&#39;s 17th Army—a corps-sized command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant-General Harukichi Hyakutake—with the task of retaking Guadalcanal from Allied forces. Beginning on 19 August, various units of the 17th Army began to arrive on Guadalcanal with the goal of driving Allied forces from the island.</p><br>
<p>Because of the threat by CAF aircraft based at Henderson Field, the Japanese were unable to use large, slow transport ships to deliver troops and supplies to the island. Instead, the Japanese used warships based at Rabaul and the Shortland Islands to carry their forces to Guadalcanal. The Japanese warships, mainly light cruisers or destroyers from the Eighth Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa, were usually able to make the round trip down "The Slot" to Guadalcanal and back in a single night, thereby minimizing their exposure to CAF air attack. Delivering the troops in this manner, however, prevented most of the soldiers&#39; heavy equipment and supplies, such as heavy artillery, vehicles, and much food and ammunition, from being carried to Guadalcanal with them. These high-speed warship runs to Guadalcanal occurred throughout the campaign and were later called the "Tokyo Express" by Allied forces and "Rat Transportation" by the Japanese.</p><br>
<p>The first Japanese attempt to recapture Henderson Field failed when a 917-man force was defeated on 21 August in the Battle of the Tenaru. The next attempt took place from 12–14 September, with the 6,000 soldiers under the command of Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi being defeated in the Battle of Edsons Ridge. After their defeat at Edsons Ridge, Kawaguchi and the surviving Japanese troops regrouped west of the Matanikau River on Guadalcanal.</p><br>
<p>As the Japanese regrouped, the USA forces concentrated on shoring up and strengthening their Lunga defenses. On 18 September, an Allied naval convoy delivered 4,157 men from the USA 7th Marine Regiment to Guadalcanal. These reinforcements allowed Vandegrift—beginning on 19 September—to establish an unbroken line of defense completely around the Lunga perimeter.</p><br>
<p>General Vandegrift and his staff were aware that Kawaguchi&#39;s troops had retreated to the area west of the Matanikau and that numerous groups of Japanese stragglers were scattered throughout the area between the Lunga Perimeter and the Matanikau River. Vandegrift, therefore, decided to conduct a series of small unit operations around the Matanikau Valley.</p><br>
<p>The first USA Marine operation against Japanese forces west of the Matanikau, conducted between 23 and 27 September 1942 by elements of three USA Marine battalions, was repulsed by Kawaguchis troops under Colonel Akinosuke Okas local command. In the second action, between 6 and 9 October, a larger force of USA Marines successfully crossed the Matanikau River, attacked newly landed Japanese forces from the 2nd (Sendai) Infantry Division under the command of generals Masao Maruyama and Yumio Nasu and inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese 4th Infantry Regiment. The second action forced the Japanese to retreat from their positions east of the Matanikau.</p><br>
<p>In the meantime, Major General Millard F. Harmon—commander of USA Army forces in the South Pacific—convinced Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley—commander of Allied forces in the South Pacific Area—that USA Marine forces on Guadalcanal needed to be reinforced immediately if the Allies were to successfully defend the island from the next expected Japanese offensive. Thus on 13 October, a naval convoy delivered the 2,837-strong 164th USA Infantry Regiment, a North Dakota Army National Guard formation from the USA Army&#39;s Americal Division, to Guadalcanal.</p><br>
<h3>Battle for Henderson Field</h3><br>
<p>Between 1 and 17 October, the Japanese delivered 15,000 troops to Guadalcanal, giving Hyakutake 20,000 total troops to employ for his planned offensive. Because of the loss of their positions on the east side of the Matanikau, the Japanese decided that an attack on the USA defenses along the coast would be prohibitively difficult. Thus, after observation of the American defenses around Lunga Point by his staff officers, Hyakutake decided that the main thrust of his planned attack would be from south of Henderson Field. His 2nd Division (augmented by troops from the 38th Division)—under Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama and comprising 7,000 soldiers in three infantry regiments of three battalions each—was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defenses from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River. The 2nd Division was split into three units; the Left Wing Unit under Major General Yumio Nasu containing the 29th Infantry Regiment, the Right Wing Unit under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi consisting of troops from the 230th Infantry Regiment (from the 38th Infantry Division), and the division reserve led by Maruyama comprising the 16th Infantry Regiment.</p><br>
<p>On 23 October, Maruyamas forces struggled through the jungle to reach the American lines. Kawaguchi—on his own initiative—began to shift his right wing unit to the east, believing that the American defenses were weaker in that area. Maruyama—through one of his staff officers—ordered Kawaguchi to keep to the original attack plan. When he refused, Kawaguchi was relieved of command and replaced by Colonel Toshinari Shōji, commander of the 230th Infantry Regiment. That evening, after learning that the left and right wing forces were still struggling to reach the American lines, Hyakutake postponed the attack to 19:00 on 24 October. The Americans remained completely unaware of the approach of Maruyamas forces.</p><br>
<p>Finally, late on October 24 Maruyamas forces reached the USA Lunga perimeter. Over two consecutive nights Maruyamas forces conducted numerous, unsuccessful frontal assaults on positions defended by troops of the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines (1/7) under Lieutenant Colonel Chesty Puller and the USA Armys 3rd Battalion, 164th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hall. USA Marine and Army rifle, machine gun, mortar, artillery and direct canister fire from 37 mm anti-tank guns "wrought terrible carnage" on the Japanese. More than 1,500 of Maruyamas troops were killed in the attacks while the Americans lost about 60 killed. Shōjis right wing units did not participate in the attacks, choosing instead to remain in place to cover Nasus right flank against a possible attack in that area by USA forces that never materialized.</p><br>
<p>At 08:00 on 26 October, Hyakutake called off any further attacks and ordered his forces to retreat. Maruyama&#39;s left wing and division reserve survivors were ordered to retreat back to the Matanikau River area while the right wing unit under Shōji was told to head for Koli Point, 13 mi east of the Lunga River.</p><br>
<p>To provide support for the right wing units (now called the Shōji Detachment) marching towards Koli, the Japanese dispatched a Tokyo Express run for the night of 2 November to land 300 fresh troops from a previously uncommitted company of the 230th Infantry Regiment, two 75 mm mountain guns, provisions, and ammunition at Koli Point. American radio intelligence intercepted Japanese communications concerning this effort and the Marine command on Guadalcanal determined to try to intercept it. With many of the American units currently involved in an operation west of the Matanikau, Vandgrift could spare only one battalion. The 2nd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment (2/7)—commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Herman H. Hanneken—marched east from Lunga Point at 06:50 on 2 November and reached Koli Point after dark the same day. After crossing the Metapona River at its mouth, Hanneken deployed his troops along 2,000 yd in the woods facing the beach to await the arrival of the Japanese ships.</p><br>
<h2>Action</h2><br>
<p>Early on the morning of 3 November, the five Japanese destroyers on the express run arrived at Koli Point and began to unload their cargoes and troops about 1,000 yd east of Hannekens battalion. Hannekens force remained concealed and unsuccessfully attempted to contact their headquarters by radio to report the landing. At dawn, after a Japanese patrol discovered the Marines, combat with mortar, machine gun, and small arms fire began. Soon after, the Japanese unlimbered, and began to fire, the two mountain guns that they had landed during the night. Hanneken, still unable to contact his headquarters to request support, having suffered significant casualties, and running low on ammunition, decided to retreat. Hanneken&#39;s battalion withdrew by bounds, recrossing the Metapona, and then the Nalimbiu River 5,000 yd further west, where Hanneken was finally able to establish contact with his superiors at 14:45 to report his situation.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Hannekens report of sizable Japanese forces at Koli Point, Vandegrifts staff also possessed a captured Japanese document that outlined a plan to land the remainder of the 38th Infantry Division at Koli to attack the Marine Lunga defenses from the east. Unaware that the Japanese had abandoned the plan, Vandegrift decided that the threat from Koli Point needed to be dealt with immediately. Thus, he ordered most of the Marine units currently engaged west of the Matanikau to return to Lunga Point. Puller&#39;s battalion (1/7) was ordered to prepare to move to Koli Point by boat. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 164th Infantry Regiment (2/164 and 3/164) prepared to march inland to the Nalimbiu River. The 3rd Battalion, 10th Marines began to move its 75 mm pack howitzers across the Ilu river to provide artillery support. Marine Brigadier General William Rupertus was placed in command of the operation.</p><br>
<p>At the same time that the USA forces were mobilizing, Shōji and his troops were beginning to reach Koli Point east of the Metapona River at Gavaga Creek. Late in the day, 31 CAF aircraft attacked Shōjis forces, inflicting about 100 deaths and injuries on the Japanese. Some of the CAF aircraft also mistakenly attacked Hannekens men, causing several deaths and injuries to the Marines.</p><br>
<p>At 06:30 on 4 November, the 164th troops began their march towards Koli Point. Around the same time, Rupertus and Pullers battalion landed at Koli Point near the mouth of the Nalimbiu River. Rupertus decided to wait for the army troops to arrive before attacking Shōjis forces. Because of heat, humidity, and difficult terrain the 164th troops didnt complete the 7 mi march to the Nalimbiu until nightfall. In the meantime, the USA Navy cruisers, and destroyer bombarded Shōjis positions with artillery fire, killing many officers and soldiers from the 9th and 10th Companies, 230th Infantry.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of 5 November, Rupertus ordered the 164th troops to cross to the east bank of the Nalimbiu and envelop the inland flank of any Japanese forces that might be facing Pullers battalion. The two battalions crossed the river about 3,500 yd inland and pivoted north to advance along the east bank. The army troops encountered few Japanese but were greatly slowed by difficult terrain and stopped short of the coast for the night. That same day, the Japanese troops that had been landed by the warships on 3 November, made contact with and joined Shōjis forces.</p><br>
<p>The next day, Puller&#39;s battalion crossed the Nalimbiu as the 164th troops resumed their march towards the coast. On 7 November, the Marines and army units joined forces at the coast and pushed east to a point about 1 mi west of the Metapona, where they dug in near the beach because of sightings of a Japanese Express run heading for Guadalcanal that might land reinforcements at Koli that night. The Japanese, however, successfully landed the reinforcements elsewhere on Guadalcanal that night and these reinforcements were not a factor in the Koli Point action.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Hyakutake ordered Shōji to abandon his positions at Koli and rejoin Japanese forces at Kokumbona in the Matanikau area. To cover the withdrawal, a sizable portion of Shōjis forces dug-in and prepared to defend positions along Gavaga Creek near the village of Tetere, about 1 mi east of the Metapona. The two mountain guns landed on 3 November—in combination with mortars—kept up a constant rate of fire on the advancing Americans. On 8 November, Pullers and Hannekens battalions and the 164th soldiers attempted to surround Shōjis forces by approaching Gavaga overland from the west and landing by boat near Tetere in the east. In action during the day, Puller was wounded several times and was evacuated. Rupertus, who was suffering from dengue fever, relinquished command of the operation to USA Army Brigadier General Edmund B. Sebree.</p><br>
<p>On 9 November, the USA troops continued with their attempt to encircle Shōjis forces. On the west of Gavaga Creek, 1/7 and 2/164 extended their positions inland along the creek while 2/7 and other 164th troops took positions on the east side of Shōjis positions. The Americans began to compress the pocket while subjecting it to constant bombardment by artillery, mortars, and aircraft. A gap, however, existed by way of a swampy creek in the southern side of the American lines, which 2/164 was supposed to have closed. Taking advantage of this route, Shōji&#39;s men began to escape the pocket.</p><br>
<p>The Americans closed the gap in their lines on 11 November, but by then Shōji and between 2,000 and 3,000 of his men had escaped into the jungle to the south. On 12 November, Sebrees forces completely overran and killed all the remaining Japanese soldiers left in the pocket. The Americans counted the bodies of 450–475 Japanese dead in the area and captured most of Shōjis heavy weapons and provisions. The American forces suffered 40 killed and 120 wounded in the operation.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>As Shōjis forces began their march to rejoin the main body of Japanese forces west of the Matanikau River, the USA 2nd Marine Raider Battalion—under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson, which had been guarding an airfield construction effort underway at Aola Bay, 30 mi further east from Koli Point—set off in pursuit. Over the next month, with the aid of native scouts, Carlsons raiders repeatedly attacked trailing elements and stragglers from Shōjis forces, killing almost 500 of them. In addition, a lack of food and tropical diseases felled more of Shōjis men. By the time the Japanese reached the Lunga River, about halfway to the Matanikau, only 1,300 men remained with Shōjis main body. Several days later, when Shōji reached the 17th Army positions west of the Matanikau, only 700–800 survivors were still with him. Survivors from Shōjis force later participated in the Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse in December 1942 and January 1943.</p><br>
<p>Speaking of the Koli Point action, USA Sergeant (later Brigadier General) John E. Stannard, who participated as a member of the 164th Regiment, stated that the battle for Koli Point was "the most complex land operation, other than the original landing, that the Americans had conducted on Guadalcanal up to that time." He added, "The Americans learned once again that offensive operations against the Japanese were much more complicated and difficult than was defeating banzai charges." The Americans later abandoned the attempt to construct an airfield at Aola. Instead, the Aola construction units moved to Koli Point where they successfully built an auxiliary airfield beginning on 3 December 1942.</p><br>
<p>The next major Japanese reinforcement effort failed during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, undertaken as Shōji and his troops struggled to reach friendly lines near the Matanikau. Although most of Shōjis troops had escaped from Koli Point, the inability of the Japanese to keep their forces on Guadalcanal adequately supplied or reinforced prevented them from contributing effectively to what turned out to be Japans ultimately unsuccessful effort to hold the island or retake Henderson Field from Allied forces.</p><br>
<p>Ngarrabullgan , officially named Mount Mulligan by the State, is a large tabletop mountain  located 100 kilometres west of Cairns in the north of Queensland .</p><br>
<p>The tabletop mountain is a monolith bounded by high cliffs (or escarpments) that fall 200 to 400 m to the surrounding Hodgkinson Basin, making it an impressive natural monument which is regarded by the local Djungan Aboriginal peoples to be a sacred Dreaming place (see Dreamtime), and features in the mythological legends and beliefs of other Aboriginal groups for hundreds of kilometres around.</p><br>
<p>On the tabletop itself are found the two oldest-known Aboriginal sites in Queensland: Nonda Rock and Ngarrabullgan Cave. Here Aboriginal cultural deposits have been radiocarbon dated, and dated by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), back to 40,000+ years ago.</p><br>
<p>Other ancient Aboriginal rockshelter sites on the mountain have been dated to the end of the last Ice Age, and, together, the many archaeological caves and rockshelters found in and around Ngarrabullgan constitutes Queensland&#39;s greatest density of known sites dating back more than 4,000 years BP.</p><br>
<p>The combination of impressive natural feature, Aboriginal beliefs and mythologies, and archaeological sites of such antiquity make Ngarrabullgan the oldest known and dated cultural landscape in Queensland, and a place of state, national and international interest and scientific significance.</p><br>
<h2>Geomorphology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain was originally formed in a narrow faulted rift (running in a general south-east to north-west direction) within the deformed and folded metamorphic rock (arenite) of the Hodgkinson Basin. Successive layers of sediment were deposited into this rift filling it first with Permian coal (at its base), then Permian conglomerates, with Triassic sandstones above. With tectonic uplift the original arenite surrounding the deposits eroded away leaving Ngarrabullgan as a free-standing conglomerate and sandstone massif.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The vegetation on the Ngarrabullgan tabletop (plateau) has been described as wet sclerophyll forests, mainly of a bloodwood species of Eucalyptus, with a well-developed understory. These tabletop forests contrast, noticeably, with the open sclerophyll woodland of the surrounding hills and plains below.</p><br>
<p>Studies of both Ngarrabullgan&#39;s eucalypt forests and its surrounding woodlands identified 13 distinct land units supporting:</p><br>
<p>Flora: 10 plant species that are considered either rare or threatened, including 8 plant species that are found nowhere else.</p><br>
<p>Fauna: 8 frog species, 55 reptile species, 99 bird species and 20 mammal species; 22 of which are species of special conservation significance under either the Queensland or Australian biodiversity conservation statutory regimes.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage status</h2><br>
<h3>Register of the National Estate</h3><br>
<p>The Australian Heritage Commission included Ngarrabullgan on its register of the National Estate on 24 June 1997, describing it as a place that holds:</p><br>
<p>(a) important evidence enhancing the Australian communities&#39; knowledge of Aboriginal occupation of Pleistocene into the Holocene</p><br>
<p>(b) large diversity of well-preserved (intact) archaeological sites and features, some of which are directly associated with locally known initiation sites and places still sacred to the local Aboriginal peoples (both on top of the mountain and around the mountain&#39;s base)</p><br>
<p>(c) strong potential to yield new and important information about Aboriginal occupation, use, beliefs and lifestyles from the Pleistocene down to the present (especially as new archaeological techniques are developed and combined with further, ongoing research and study)</p><br>
<p>(d) excellent examples of the rock art and resource use of those Aboriginal peoples who have occupied and used the area for many generations and still, to this day, view the mountain as a major spiritual site at the heart of their country</p><br>
<p>(e) considerable aesthetic impact combining an impressive physical presence as a large natural monument, together with natural and cultural features valuable to the Djungan peoples, other Aboriginal peoples, the people of Mareeba Shire, the North Queensland region more generally, and Australia as a whole.</p><br>
<h3>Queensland Register of Aboriginal Heritage</h3><br>
<p>For similar reasons the Queensland Government formally registered Ngarrabullgan as "The Mount Mulligan Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Area" under its Aboriginal heritage legislation (Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2006 (Qld)) in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Hodgkinson River gold-rush</h3><br>
<p>Prior to gold rushes and the associated occupation of the Hodgkinson River area, Ngarrabullgin was a place of some spiritual and ceremonial significance to the Djungan Aboriginal peoples</p><br>
<p>Ion Idriess in his far north Queensland gold prospecting story, wrote about Ngarrabullgan as follows:</p><br>
<p>"Farther out in those Chillagoe lands an outstanding landmark on the Hodgkinson is a massive wall of rock overlooking Mulligans goldfield&#39;. A meeting-place of the aborigines from time immemorial, it has seen the passing of a thousand tribes."</p><br>
<p>During and following the Hodgkinson River gold rush of 1876, the local Djungan population was decimated and the survivors were drawn to the fringes of mining settlements formed at Thornborough and Mount Mulligan. The Djungan peoples tell of how their grandparents had to flee from police and settlers, and by climbing Ngarrabullgan&#39;s escarpments they could sometimes escape the horses (some Djungan remember a cave on the south of the mountain where many were massacred and hidden).</p><br>
<p>It was also during these times that townspeople within the Hodgkinson goldfields fearful of Aborigines first experimented with a policy of pacification. Local shop owner, John Byrnes, in 1882 brought a small group of Djungan peoples into town, feeding them meat and potatoes, and, soon, there were 150 Aborigines living in a camp just 8 km from Ngarrabullgan.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Mulligan coal mining</h3><br>
<p>By 1921 the Hodgkinson gold fields had declined, and a coal mine at Mount Mulligan had burrowed its way into the side of Ngarrabullgan, much to the fear of the Djungan Aboriginal peoples. On 19 September 1921 there was a huge explosion killing 75 people in what turned out to be Queenslands worst mining disaster (see also Mount Mulligan mine disaster). To the Djungan people this was retribution for disturbing the sacred mountain in which dwelt a white horse&#39; and the spirit Eekoo.</p><br>
<p>By 1990 the coal mine had long been closed (since 1957); the mining towns had all broken down and been deserted; and the cattle-properties were profitless, run down with rubber-vine, feral pigs and brumbies. Ngarrabullgan, however, still stood to become the focus of a Djungan Aboriginal peoples cultural renaissance&#39;.</p><br>
<h3>Cultural Renaissance</h3><br>
<h4>1986</h4><br>
<p>Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation (QTTC) staff, followed by Sir Frank Moore (QTTC Chairman) and the Queensland Minister for Tourism, visited Ngarrabullgan and Kondoparinga Station (the pastoral property within which Ngarrabullgan sits)to see if a small tourist resort should be built, and tourist enterprise developed within the vicinity of Ngarrabullgan, offering tourists an experience of the mountain and surrounding heritage.</p><br>
<h4>1988</h4><br>
<p>Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation (QTTC) had prepared and costed the feasibility of developing the tourism potential of Ngarrabullgan, and, by this time there was some genuine commercial interest in purchasing Kondoparinga property and Ngarrabullgan to enable a corporation operating out of Port Douglas to offer tourists and visitors an exciting, authentic outback Queensland experience.</p><br>
<h4>1990</h4><br>
<p>The person occupying Kondoparinga pastoral property and joint owner of the property (Mr Reg Adams) approached people then living in Mareeba expressing a strong wish to see Ngarrabullgan sold to the Djungan peoples who had enjoyed free access to his property for many years. The other owner of the property, Skyfleet, wished to see the property sold to the Japanese owned consortium who were interested in developing the property&#39;s identified tourism potential.:</p><br>
<h4>1991</h4><br>
<p>27 July: over 150 Djungan people had travelled from Cairns, Yarrabah, Innisfail, Townsville, Chillagoe and Mareeba, to re-unite and form the Kuku Djungan Aboriginal Corporation; to raise the pan-Australian Aboriginal flag; and to resolve to regain ownership of Ngarrabullgan.</p><br>
<p>August: the Australian Government (i.e. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission) approved the purchase of Kondoparinga property, and Ngarrabullgan, for the Djungan people.</p><br>
<p>December: Kondoparinga had been purchased, and the Djungan peoples had regained ownership of Ngarrabullgan. Queensland Government&#39;s Department of Environment had sought to excise Ngarrabullgan from the property at the time of purchase, but, at the last moment, a binding agreement was negotiated and agreed to see Ngrrabullgan remain part of the property and later declared a National Park to be managed by a majority Djungan board of management</p><br>
<h4>2007</h4><br>
<p>November:</p><br>
<p>The Djungan people:</p><br>
<p>have ownership of the mountain and developed management plans for its future protection and management</p><br>
<p>have registered the mountain with the Australian Heritage Commission to form part of Australias National Estate&#39;</p><br>
<p>have nominated the mountain to be declared an Indigenous Protected Area under the Australian Government&#39;s protected area program</p><br>
<p>have seen the mountain declared an Aboriginal cultural heritage area under Queensland legislation.</p><br>
<p>are still seeking to see Ngarrabullgin declared a National Park with a majority Djungan board of management, as agreed back in December 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological sites</h2><br>
<p>Published archaeological sites (listed in rough geographical order, generally running from north to south).:</p><br>
<p>Initiation Cave</p><br>
<p>Gorge Creek Shelter</p><br>
<p>Waterhole Cave</p><br>
<p>Ngarrabullgan Cave</p><br>
<p>Nonda Rock</p><br>
<p>Quinine Bush Shelter</p><br>
<p>Kookaburra Rock</p><br>
<p>Courtyard Rock</p><br>
<p>Dragonfly Hollow</p><br>
<p>Fig Tree Shelter</p><br>
<p>Hand Shelter:</p><br>
<p>Grass Tree Shelter</p><br>
<p>Lookout Shelter</p><br>
<p>Painted Ell</p><br>
<p>Tunnell Shelter</p><br>
<p>Bush Peg Shelter</p><br>
<p>Salamina City , or Kulluri )</p><br>
<p>It is part of the Islands regional unit of the Attica region. The town lies in the northwestern part of the island. It had a population of 25,370 inhabitants at the 2011 census, It was the municipal seat of the former municipality of Salamina, which had a land area of 80.992 km² and comprised about 84 percent of the island (all except the easternmost central coast, which comprised the former municipality of Ampelakia). The population of the municipal unit was 31,776 in 2011. It includes several other towns, the largest of which are Aiánteio (pop. 4,860), Stenó (198), Kanákia (206), Peristéria (206), Batsí (235), Kolónes (153), and Pérani (226).</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Salamina is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Salamina (Salamina, Elliniko, Batsi, Steno)</p><br>
<p>Aianteio (Aianteio, Dimitrani, Kanakia, Kolones, Maroudi, Perani, Peristeria)</p><br>
<p>Sugar Run Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 7.9 mi and flows through North Branch Township, Windham Township, and Wilmot Township.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Sugar Run Creek begins near a pond in North Branch Township. It flows north and immediately enters Windham Township. In this township, the creek continues north for a short distance before turning west. A short distance downstream, the creek enters Wilmot Township. It then turns northwest and flows past Grant Hill. Continuing northwest, the creek flows parallel to Pennsylvania Route 187 and receives the tributaries Rock Cabin Run and Panther Lick Creek. It then turns north and slightly east and picks up the tributary Sugar Run. The valley of the creek broadens and a couple of miles later, the creek reaches its confluence with the Susquehanna River.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The discharge of Sugar Run Creek ranges from 2.4 cubic feet per second to 31 cubic feet per second. The turbidity of the creeks waters is 21 JTU. The specific conductance of the creeks waters ranges between 100 micro-siemens per centimeter at 25 &deg;C and 163 micro-siemens per centimeter at 25 &deg;C.</p><br>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the waters of Sugar Run Creek is 10.0 milligrams per liter and the concentration of carbon dioxide ranges from 1.2 to 1.8 milligrams per liter. The pH of the creek&#39;s waters ranges between 7.0 and 7.7. The concentration of bicarbonate in the creek ranges between 7.0 and 53 milligrams per liter and the concentration of carbonate is 0.0 milligrams per liter.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Sugar Run Creek is 636 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Trout reproduce naturally in Sugar Run Creek.</p><br>
<p>Lazaretto Island,  is located two nautical miles northeast of Corfu. The island has an area of 7 hectare and is administered by the Greek National Tourist Organization. It gets its name from the lazaretto located there.</p><br>
<p>During Venetian rule in the early 16th century a monastery was built on the islet and a leprosarium was established there later that century, after which the island was named.</p><br>
<p>In 1798, during the French occupation, it was occupied by the Russo-Turkish fleet which ran it as a military hospital. During the British occupation, in 1814, the leprosarium was again opened after renovations. After Enosis in 1864 the leprosarium saw occasional use.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the Axis Occupation of Greece established a concentration camp there for the prisoners of the Greek National Resistance movement.</p><br>
<p>The Wyck House, also called the Haines House and the Hans Millan House, is a historic mansion, museum, garden, and home farm at 6026 Germantown Avenue in the Germantown section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its well-preserved condition, and its documentary records, which span nine generations of a single family. It is now a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wyck&#39;s earliest owner was Hans Millan, a Quaker who came from Germany by 1689, and was a descendant of a Swiss Mennonite family. His daughter, Margaret, married a Dutch Quaker named Dirk Jansen, a linen weaver who prospered in the first half of the 18th century. By the time of his death, he was listed as a gentleman and had Anglicized his name to Dirk Johnson. Their daughter, Catherine, married Caspar Wistar, a German who became a Quaker and amassed a sizable fortune as a button maker, glassmaker and investor in land.</p><br>
<p>In the next generation, Margaret Wistar married Reuben Haines I, a brewer and merchant of English descent. Their son Caspar Wistar Haines continued the family businesses and married Hannah Marshall, a member of another Quaker family. Wyck then passed to Reuben Haines III and Jane Bowne Haines. Reuben Haines was involved in the founding of the Eastern State Penitentiary, Franklin Institute, and American Philosophical Society. Wyck was passed to their youngest daughter, Jane Reuben Haines, afterwards, who lived here until 1911, carefully preserving the house, furnishings and gardens.</p><br>
<p>Wyck served as a summer home until Reuben Haines III moved his family into it as their permanent residence. Shortly after this move, he hired his friend, William Strickland, to remodel the entire building. Reuben is also responsible for Wycks name, as nobody with the last name Wyck ever married into the family. On one of his many travels, Reuben came across a landscape sketch of Wyck the Seat of Richard Haines esq. Believing that Richard Haines was a relative, Reuben brought the sketch back to his house, and started calling his own home Wyck. It was later revealed that Reubens family had no connection to Richard Haines, but the name stuck.</p><br>
<p>In the eighth generation, Jane B. Haines founded the first school of horticulture for women, the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women, which is now Temple Ambler, and one brother, Caspar, helped design the Mexican railway system; while another, Robert, invented a gauge for measuring steel in rolling mills.</p><br>
<p>The last owners, Robert and Mary Haines, were fruit growers; Robert patented a device to press apples for a more natural tasting juice. In 1973, Mary Troth Haines donated Wyck to Historical Germantown. Wyck&#39;s family descendants are still very involved in the life of their home and community.</p><br>
<p>Today, Wyck is maintained as a house museum. The gardens are known for their collection of old roses, including 30 varieties, and the home farm has become a staple of the community. Wyck Historic House, Garden, and Farm is open to the public on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays, from 12 to 4. They also have a weekly farmer&#39;s market on Fridays from 2 to 6.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Wyck is an architecturally innovative house with an old-fashioned skin. From the outside it appears colonial in plan and design with some fashionable accents such as the late 18th-century whitewashed stucco.</p><br>
<p>The house is actually an accumulation of 18th-century parts: the hall (c. 1700–20), the front parlor (1736) and the library and dining room from (1771–73, which replaced a c. 1690 log structure.)</p><br>
<p>The house has been little altered since 1824, when Philadelphia architect William Strickland dramatically rearranged its interior spaces to create an open plan, allowing light to flood each room and bringing the pleasures of the garden inside. Strickland also added a set of "folding doors", which swing on a 90 degree angle, allowing the owners to close off two rooms with only one door.</p><br>
<h2>Education at Wyck</h2><br>
<p>Wyck offers a variety of educational programs for school groups, including environmental education, programs that focus on history of Quakerism, Native Americans, Colonial life, and Philadelphia. These programs foster literacy and writing while offering children activities such as arts and crafts and gardening.</p><br>
<h2>Home farm</h2><br>
<p>For more than 250 years, Wyck existed as a working farm, a legacy that continues today with Wycks Home Farm, established in 2007. There are large vegetable and herb gardens, strawberry and raspberry beds, gooseberries and blueberries, along with fruit trees, an asparagus bed, a cutting garden, and a large grape arbor. Wyck is also home to several beehives. The various gardens are managed using traditional gardening techniques, with no synthetic chemicals used. Produce from the farm is sold at a seasonal, on-site weekly farmers market.</p><br>
<p>The Milwaukee Road Bunkhouse was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad  in 1909 to house train crews between shifts. The bunkhouse served the crews at the rail yard and division point at South Cle Elum, Washington. The bunkhouse is an L-shaped, two-storey, wood-frame vernacular building originally placed near the depot, but moved to its present location south of the rail yard around 1920 to accommodate the electric substation when the Milwaukee Road electrified. The bunkhouse continued to serve train crews until 1974. When the railroad ceased operations in Washington in 1980, it sold the property to private individuals who converted the bunkhouse into a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The bunkhouse was listed in the National Register because of its association with The Milwaukee Road and the development of railroads in Washington.</p><br>
<p>The Duane Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic Methodist Episcopal church located at Duane, Franklin County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built between 1883 and 1885. The church was in use for almost a century, and in the 1940s the Town of Duane began storing archives in the basement and also using the basement as a polling station.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>In 1982 the church was closed due to declining membership and funds. It was purchased by the town, and since then has been used for meetings, weddings, and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Romanesque Revival architectural design of the church draws from a New England meeting house design. The rounded dome of the steeple with the arches of the cupola is modeled after Christopher Wrens work, and is typical of New England meeting houses. Double doors lead into the vestibule of birch and maple. Double oak doors allow for entry into the main chapel. The walls and ceiling graduate from twelve feet to seventeen feet in height. There are eight stained glass windows (66" x 32") and square nails are used in the fluting frames of these windows. The walls are of birch and maple combined with wainscoting.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Northwood is a neighborhood in the northeastern section of Baltimore, Maryland in the United States. Northwood is served by the New Northwood and the Original Northwood community associations. The area is also home to the Northwood Shopping Center and the Northwood Baseball League. Morgan State University is located in this area.</p><br>
<h2>New Northwood</h2><br>
<p>As the name implies, New Northwood is composed of newer homes, built in the mid 1950s. The houses are generally brick row house with trees and shrubs lining most blocks. New Northwood is served by the New Northwood Covenant Association.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<p>According to the 2000 US Census, 7,000 people live in New Northwood with 96.2% African-American and 2.4% White. The median household income is $31,105 and 94.1% of the houses are occupied.</p><br>
<h2>Original Northwood</h2><br>
<p>Original Northwood is composed of single family and townhouses ranging in price from $175,000 to $500,000. Development began in September 1930 with themes such as half-timbering and stucco, irregular massing, and the New England house form with jetty. Development began when The Roland Park Company purchased the estates of John W. Garrett, Enoch Pratt and Arunah Shepherdson Abell. By January 1, 1932, about 25 families had bought homes in Original Northwood. Today, Original Northwood comprises 369 homes and is one of the top 15 city neighborhoods in wealth. Original Northwood was designated an Historic District in 1998 and represents the largest unified collection of the architect, John A. Ahlers. Ahlers planning for the inclusion of the natural terrain in his design, with a canopy of oaks and elms, made Original Northwood among the first totally planned communities in the nation.</p><br>
<p>Northwood Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<p>According to the 2000 US Census, 1,240 people live in Original Northwood with 56.5% African-American and 37.9% White. The median household income is $64,688 and 93.5% of the houses are occupied.</p><br>
<h3>Notable residents</h3><br>
<p>Patricia Jessamy- State&#39;s Attorney, Baltimore City</p><br>
<p>Robert W. Curran- member, Baltimore City Council</p><br>
<p>Tom Clancy- author</p><br>
<h2>Legislative districts</h2><br>
<p>Barn Bluff is a bluff along the Mississippi River in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States. The bluff is associated with Dakota legend from hundreds of years ago. During the 19th century, the bluff functioned as a visual reference for explorers and travelers. The bluff overlooks the downtown area and towers about 400 ft above the Mississippi River with an extensive view of Lake Pepin to the south. It is one of hundreds of bluffs in the Driftless Area, which covers parts of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois, in addition to the southeastern toe of Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Most of the bluff is displaced approximately 40 m upwards relative to the adjoining bedrock along the Red Wing Fault, which transects the bluff near its south face. It is composed of early Paleozoic rocks, including Ordovician dolomite and sandstone atop Cambrian shale, siltstone and greensand at its base, deposited by early Paleozoic seas. The aggregates left by glacial drift and wind-deposited loess form a 20 m cap deposited some 450 million years after the bedrock beneath. Barn Bluff was cut off from nearby uplands by an earlier course of the ancestral Mississippi along which US Highway 61 now runs, and it was an island during the massive outflow of Glacial River Warren which carved much of the present Upper Mississippi Valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stephen H. Long climbed the bluff during his 1819 mapping expedition, describing it as, "the sublime and beautiful here blended in a most enchanting manner." Explorer Jonathan Carver, describing the view from Barn Bluff, wrote, "The most beautiful prospect that imagination can form Verdant plains, fruitful meadows, and numerous islands abound with the most varied trees. But above all, reaching as far as the eye can extend, is the majestic, softly flowing river."</p><br>
<p>The bluff was used as a limestone quarry for about 40 years until citizens protested the defacing of the bluff. The quarrying operation was shut down in 1908. In 1910, the land was donated to the city as a park.</p><br>
<h2>Name and Description</h2><br>
<p>The name of Barn Bluff, according to Upham, "is translated from its early French name, La Grange, meaning the Barn, which refers to its prominence as a lone, high, and nearly level-crested bluff, quite separated from the side bluffs of the valley, and therefore conspicuously seen at a distance of many miles up the valley and yet more observable from boats passing along Lake Pepin. Maj. Long in 1817 ascended this hill or bluff, called in his journal "the Grange or Barn," of which he wrote: From the summit of the Grange the view of the surrounding scenery is surpassed, perhaps, by very few, if any, of a similar character that the country and probably the world can afford. The sublime and beautiful are here blended in the most enchanting manner."</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>Dakota legend about the bluff tells that hundreds of years ago, a mountain twice as big stood in the place of Barn Bluff. The residents of two Dakota villages disputed the possession of the mountain. As a compromise, the Great Spirit divided the mountain into two parts. One part stayed in Red Wing, and the other part was moved downstream to Winona, Minnesota, where it is known as Sugar Loaf.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today Barn Bluff is thickly forested with deciduous trees at the top, with grass growing all throughout the base, and ringed all around by limestone cliffs, except at the northern end where steps have been built and carved into the bluff. Using these steps, hikers can ascend Barn Bluff with a strenuous but relatively brief hike.</p><br>
<p>Pelopio  is a settlement in the municipality of Ancient Olympia, Elis, Greece. Pelopio is 3 km east of Smila, 4 km northwest of Olympia and 5 km southwest of Chelidoni. The Greek National Road 74  passes south of the village. Pelopio had a population of 976 in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village was founded in the 15th century during the Ottoman rule. It was founded by Turkish-Albanians who named it originally "Kriekouki" which means "red head" in their language. In 1928 it was renamed to Pelopio after Pelops, the mythical king of Pisa. Pelopio suffered damage from the 2007 Greek forest fires and from a tornado on 3 November 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Persons</h2><br>
<p>Vyron Davos, writer, mainly wrote about Elis and its history</p><br>
<p>Two Rock (; archaic: Black Mountain; The summit area is mostly shallow bog while ferns and gorse cover the lower slopes. The mountain is also an important habitat for red grouse.</p><br>
<p>A number of prehistoric monuments can be found on the mountain including a passage tomb on the summit and a wedge tomb on the slopes near Ballyedmonduff.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<h3>Fairy Castle</h3><br>
<p>Fairy Castle, as the summit is known, is marked by a stone cairn and an Ordnance Survey trig pillar. These both sit on top of a circular structure of granite and quartz blocks 25 m across and 2 m high and covered by turf and vegetation. This is the remains of a passage tomb, the easternmost of a series of such tombs that stretches across the Dublin and West Wicklow Mountains. The entrance to the tomb – once described by locals as a “cave” – can no longer be seen due to the collapse of the edges of the cairn. There is no evidence that the tomb has ever been opened but archaeologists believe that the interior contains a small burial chamber.</p><br>
<h3>Ballyedmonduff wedge tomb</h3><br>
<p>In an area of forest to the southeast of the summit, near Ballyedmonduff, at grid reference O 185 213, there is a Bronze Age wedge tomb, known as the "Giants Grave". It is considered one of the finest examples of a wedge tomb in Ireland: the antiquarian John ODonovan said of it, "I doubt I have met so perfect a pagan grave in any other counties hitherto examined". Its appearance has changed since the time of its first discovery: sketches made in the 1830s by the Ordnance Survey show a grass-covered tumulus. A drawing by George Du Noyer indicates that the roof was partially intact at that time. In addition, the pine forest that now surrounds the site obscures the views of the Great Sugar Loaf mountain and the twin tors of Two Rock that would have been possible from this location in the past. The tomb was first opened in 1832 by Alderman Blacker of St Andrew Street, Dublin but no record of this excavation survives. However, when John O&#39;Donovan visited on behalf of the Ordnance Survey, the locals told him that ashes had been found when the grave was opened. A small amount of cremated human bone was also found. Following the excavation the monument was rebuilt in the form it appears in today. The tomb consists of a burial gallery over 6 m long divided into three chambers surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped arrangement of stones with a straight façade at the western end. At the southern end is a long stone with seven cupmarks on one surface. This form of rock art is usually associated with earlier Neolithic culture and is generally found on natural rock outcrops. The stone may have come from a natural boulder brought to the site during construction.</p><br>
<h3>Other points of interest</h3><br>
<p>There was once another megalithic tomb – known as The Greyhounds Bed – on the southern slopes of Two Rock near the R116 road between the villages of Glencullen and Brockey. This was described in 1836 by the antiquarian Eugene OCurry as a long stone 10 ft long by 7 ft wide. A sketch was made by the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland in 1855 before the monument was destroyed.</p><br>
<p>There is also a triangular-shaped standing stone, 1 m high approximately 400 m, north-northeast of Fairy Castle on the slope leading to Three Rock.</p><br>
<h2>Access and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Two Rock can be reached via the Coillte-owned forest recreation areas of Ticknock, Kilmashogue and Tibradden, which are managed by the Dublin Mountains Partnership. The mountain is traversed by the Dublin Mountains Way hiking trail that runs between Shankill and Tallaght while the Wicklow Way hiking trail runs to the west of the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Kubena  is a river in Konoshsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vozhegodsky, Syamzhensky, Kharovsky, Sokolsky, and Ust-Kubinsky Districts of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It is 368 km long, and the area of its basin 11,000 km&sup2;. The Kubena is the principal tributary of Lake Kubenskoye and belongs to the basins of the Sukhona River and the White Sea. Its main tributaries are the Syamzhena River  and the Sit River .</p><br>
<p>The town of Kharovsk is situated on the left bank of the river. The selo of Ustye, Ust-Kubinsky District, Vologda Oblast, and administrative center of Ust-Kubinsky District, is located in the mouth of the Kubena.</p><br>
<p>The river basin of the Kubena comprises vast areas in the canter of Vologda Oblast and in the south of Arkhangelsk oblast and separates the river basing of the Onega River in the west and the Vaga River in the east. Four district centers of Vologda Oblast, Syamzha, Kharovsk, and Ustye, are located in the basin of the Kubena.</p><br>
<p>The source of the Kubena is located in the hills south of the settlement of Konosha. The river flows south, enters Vologda Oblast, turns northeast and crosses Vozhegodsky District, turning south, and eventually southwest. It accepts the Syamzhena from the left and turns west. Downstream of the town of Kharovsk the Kubena accepts the Sit from the right and eventually turns southwest. Exiting Kharovsky District, a stretch of the Kubena forms the border between Ust-Kubinsky District (right) and Sokolsky District (left). Further the Kubena enters Ust-Kubinsky district and empties into Lake Kubenskoye, forming a river delta.</p><br>
<p>The lowest stretch of the Kubena of the length of 21 km is listed in State Water Register of Russia as navigable, however, there is no passenger navigation.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Beth Joseph Tupper Lake Synagogue and Gallery is a historic synagogue located in Tupper Lake, Franklin County, New York. It was built in 1906, and is a -story, three-bay by five-bay, vernacular Italianate style frame building. It is sheathed in clapboard and has a false front that hides a steep gable roof. The front facade features a "sun dial" arch and rose window, round arched windows, and square corner towers. Also on the property is a contributing -story, hip-roofed frame dwelling built between 1906 and 1910. The synagogue was closed for over three decades. Today, it is the oldest synagogue in the Adirondack Mountains, but it is only open in the summer. It houses a small museum.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Balls Bluff Battlefield Regional Park and National Cemetery is a battlefield area and a United States National Cemetery, located 2 mi northeast of Leesburg, Virginia. The cemetery is the third smallest national cemetery in the United States. Fifty-four Union Army dead from the Battle of Balls Bluff are interred in 25 graves in the half-acre plot; the identity of all of the interred except for one, James Allen of the 15th Massachusetts, are unknown. Monuments to fallen Confederate Sergeant Clinton Hatcher and Union brigade commander Edward Dickinson Baker are located next to the cemetery, though neither is buried there. While the stone wall-enclosed cemetery itself is managed through the Culpeper National Cemetery and owned by the Department of Veterans Affairs, the balance of the 223 acre park is managed through the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority.</p><br>
<h2>Battle</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of Balls Bluff was a small but consequential defeat for the Union early in the American Civil War, occurring just months after the Union Armys rout after the First Battle of Bull Run and another embarrassing loss at Battle of Wilsons Creek in the Western Theater. The Union defeat at Balls Bluff revealed something to the public about the political nature of Union appointments of officers and their occasional incompetence, and led directly to the creation of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War.</p><br>
<p>On October 21, 1861, Union Colonel Edward D. Baker, a USA Senator from Oregon and close friend of President Abraham Lincoln, was given orders from Brigadier General Charles P. Stone to either withdraw Massachusetts troops who already had landed on the Virginia side of the Potomac River to reconnoiter and raid a Confederate camp north of Leesburg, or reinforce the expedition in the event the raid was successful, at his discretion. Before Baker could discover the true nature of the situation, Confederates pickets detected and fired upon the Union force, and local Confederate district commander Col. Nathan "Shanks" Evans quickly deployed his Virginia and Mississippi regiments against the threat, while still presenting a defense against a larger Union crossing downriver at Edwards Ferry. The inexperienced Baker crossed additional companies to the bluff, but positioned his troops poorly, with the peak of the bluff against their back and higher ground in front of their lines.</p><br>
<p>After a prolonged firefight, the Confederate pressure broke the Federal line, and the assault pushed the Union troops down the difficult terrain and onto the river bank, killing Baker and 222 others, wounding 226, and eventually capturing 553. The few boats available became quickly overloaded and some capsized due to overcrowding, so evacuation became impossible. Some swam across to nearby Harrison Island, but 161 went missing, many of them drowned in the swollen Potomac. Bodies of Union troops who had drowned floated downstream towards Washington, D.C. for days after the battle.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>Wartime Washington, D.C. was horrified by Bakers death. At the opening of the second session of the 37th Congress in December, the eulogies for the late senator went on for days. An investigative Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War was formed to examine the causes of the recent defeats, particularly actions related to the death of Baker, Lincolns close friend. Such congressional investigations, more common since, had only very weak precedents at the time. The committees operations were arguably an aggravation for the duration of the war, and ultimately ruined the career of General Stone, who was held accountable for Bakers defeat at Ball&#39;s Bluff. Army of the Potomac commanding general George B. McClellan, who was responsible at a larger level and had issued vague orders which set in motion the debacle, escaped blame.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery, landmark, park</h2><br>
<p>The land for a cemetery was donated in 1865.</p><br>
<p>The battlefield area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1984. At that time the 300 ft tall bluff, the landing on the Potomac River, and almost all aspects of the site were substantially the same as the time of the battle 123 years before. An "intrusion" is the wall-enclosed Balls Bluff National Cemetery, holding 54 graves of Union dead (53 unknown, and James Allen of the 15th Massachusetts Infantry). Another intrusion is a fenced 1.3 mi approach road built in 1907. A commemorative marker for Confederate soldier Clinton Hatcher, of the 8th Virginia Infantry, and a marker of the site of Bakers mortal wounding, are nearby.</p><br>
<p>The regional park, maintained by the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority, contains over seven miles (11 km) of marked trails, including a mile-long loop trail to the bluff overlook with interpretive markers and 2.1 mi trail along the Potomac riverbank.</p><br>
<p>Crestasee  is a small lake shared by the municipalities of Flims and Trin in the Grisons, Switzerland. From 1892 a guest house on its northern end served as pension and still is a restaurant today in its original state.</p><br>
<p>There is no tributary to the lake and whilst walking along its shores you may be surprised by finding the lake both sides of you, realizing, that the holes between the rocks lying around the lake are filled with water. The rough character of the whole area derives from being a debris area of the gigantic Flims Rockslide, where waters flow underground until feeding lakes at certain spots such as Crestasee, Caumasee or Lag Prau Pulté.</p><br>
<p>Less than 100 yd from its northern end a gorge called "Felsbachschlucht" is formed by river Flem, coming from Flims, whose Romansh name is Flem anyway. The waters from the lake and river are independent, and of course the river had only some 10 000 years to create the gorge as this is the age of the rockslide.</p><br>
<p>The water from the lake forms a small stream and enters the Flem river after a very short run, not called a special name for its short length.</p><br>
<p>In summer it is well known for swimming and offers facilities (such as a kiosk, toilets, changing room, boats and SUP&#39;s to rent) to enjoy this. An entrance charge will be collected by an employee of the restaurant, walking around the lake once or twice a day. Crestasee can be reached from Flims via the Felsbachschlucht gorge or wide forest paths, as well as from Trin Mulin or the public post car stop Felsbach/Crestasee on the main road, to where it is connected by a nice and short path. Motorists have to walk a similar distance to the lake, as there is no access to the lake by car and signposted parking is well off the lake.</p><br>
<p>A nice forest walk leads to Conn, to see the Ruinaulta gorge formed by the Rhine, still within the same huge rockslide debris area, or to the Lag la Cauma.</p><br>
